Methods and Compositions for the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer

ABSTRACT

A diagnostic reagent or device comprises at least one ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form including posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. An alternative diagnostic reagent or device comprises ligand or ligands capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying multiple tropomyosin biomarkers. Optionally, such reagent or device includes a signaling molecule and/or a substrate on which the ligand is immobilized. Other reagents and methods of diagnosing ovarian cancer include use of CLIC4 ligands and/or multiple tropomyosin ligands with an additional ovarian cancer biomarker. For example, CLIC4 combined with one or more of CLIC1 and/or one or multiple members of the tropomyosin family, e.g., TPM1, TPM2, TPM3 or TPM4, and further optionally including CTSD-30 kDa and/or PRDX-6, among other ovarian cancer biomarkers can form a characteristic diagnostic pattern or profile of expression that is diagnostic of the disease. Still other embodiments are described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/450,602, filed Jun. 24, 2019, which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/884,691, filed Jan. 31, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/045,452, filed Oct. 3, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,903,870, issued Feb. 27, 2018, which claims the benefit of the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/709,695, filed Oct. 4, 2012. These applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant Nos. CA131582 and CA10815, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer in the United States and the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States. An estimated 22,280 new cases were detected and 15,500 deaths occurred in the US in 2012. When diagnosed early (Stages I/II), treatment is generally successful, with a five-year survival rate of up to 90%. Unfortunately, most cases are not detected until after the cancer has spread, resulting in a dismal five-year survival rate for patients with advanced disease (stages III and IV) of 30% or less. The high mortality rate of ovarian cancer is due largely to the lack of effective screening tests for early detection or diagnosis of EOC.

Current screening methods for ovarian cancer typically use a combination of pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasonography, and assays for protein biomarkers, such as serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). CA125 is recognized as a poor protein biomarker for early detection due to its high false positive rate and poor sensitivity and specificity. Assays for human epididymis protein-4 (HE4), or multivariate OVA1 are only approved for monitoring disease recurrence, therapeutic response, or for use in managing women with an ovarian adnexal mass.

A recently completed study comparing many of these protein biomarkers showed that none of them performed better than CA125 as a biomarker for ovarian cancer. A few groups also have used panels of biomarkers and obtained better sensitivity and specificity than CA125 alone when used in diagnostic samples. However, a recent study found that available biomarker panels did not outperform CA125 when used in prediagnostic samples.

Compositions and methods are urgently needed to diagnose early-stage EOC with high sensitivity and specificity and for clinical management of the disease after initial diagnosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. In another aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the biomarker sequence or ligand in the reagent or device is associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In other embodiments, the biomarker sequence or ligand in the reagent or device is associated with a substrate on which the sequence or ligand is immobilized.

In another aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises one or more tropomyosin proteins, e.g., TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or a common or shared sequence formed of two or more TPM proteins or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with any tropomyosin biomarker. In another aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting one or more tropomyosin proteins, e.g., TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or a common or shared sequence in two or more TPM proteins or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with any tropomyosin biomarker. In certain embodiments, the biomarker sequences or ligand(s) in the reagent or device are associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In other embodiments, the biomarker sequences or ligand(s) in the reagent or device are associated with a substrate on which the ligand is immobilized.

In still a further aspect, the diagnostic reagent or device comprises a set of multiple biomarkers or multiple ligands to biomarkers, each ligand individually capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying a single biomarker. In one embodiment of such diagnostic reagents or devices, one required biomarker is CLIC4. In another embodiment of such diagnostic reagents or devices, required biomarkers are one or more tropomyosin proteins, e.g., TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or a common or shared sequence in two or more TPM proteins, as defined herein.

In still another aspect, the diagnostic reagent or devices described above further comprise a set of multiple biomarkers or multiple ligands, each ligand individually capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying a single biomarker, depending upon whether the reagent is formed of biomarker sequences or ligands to biomarker sequences. The additional biomarker is one that indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in a human subject. The biomarker sequences or fragments are derived from the selected additional biomarker. Each additional ligand is capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting, or identifying the additional biomarker. In one embodiment, the additional marker is chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment of the additional biomarker or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with any tropomyosin biomarker.

In one embodiment in which at least a required biomarker is CLIC4, the additional biomarker is one or more tropomyosin proteins, e.g., TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or a common or shared sequence within two or more TPM proteins, or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with any tropomyosin biomarker. In another embodiment, the biomarkers are CLIC4 and at least one or more additional biomarkers selected from one or multiple tropomyosin biomarker proteins 1 through 4, and/or CLIC1. Still additional ovarian cancer biomarkers can form part of the set of multiple markers.

In yet another aspect, a kit, panel or microarray comprising at least one diagnostic reagent with is a biomarker CLIC4 and/or one or more tropomyosins, or ligands capable of binding thereto, and optionally one or more reagents that are different ovarian cancer biomarkers discussed herein or ligands capable of binding thereto.

In a further aspect, a method for diagnosing or detecting or monitoring the progress of ovarian cancer in a subject is provided. In one embodiment, the method comprises contacting a sample obtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent or device comprising a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. The protein levels of CLIC4 (or peptides of CLIC4 serving as surrogates of the CLIC4 protein) are then detected or measured in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample. The protein levels of the CLIC4 biomarker in the subject's are compared with the level of the same biomarker in a reference standard. A significant change in protein level of the subject's sample from that in the reference standard indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject. In one embodiment of this method, an additional step involves detecting or measuring in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample, the protein levels of one or more additional ovarian cancer biomarkers; and comparing the protein levels of the CLIC4 biomarker in relation to the levels of the additional biomarkers in the subject's sample with the same biomarkers in a reference standard or profile. Analogous methods are provided for other biomarkers or biomarker sets described herein.

In another aspect, use of any of the diagnostic reagents described herein in a method for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer is provided.

Other aspects and advantages of these compositions and methods are described further in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a quantitation of the biomarker tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) extracted from an LC-MS chromatogram using label-free discovery mode, and GeLC-MS/MS analysis of patient serum pools. Intensities of identified peptides unique to this biomarker were summed for each of four serum pools (B-benign disease; C1, C2, C3-three different advanced ovarian cancer pools. LC-MS data from corresponding gel fractions of different serum pools were aligned and quantitatively compared using Elucidator software.

FIG. 1B is a quantitation as described in FIG. 1A for the biomarker tropomyosin 2 (TPM2), expressed from a different gene than that expressing TPM1.

FIG. 1C is a quantitation as described in FIG. 1A for the biomarker tropomyosin 3 (TPM3), expressed from a different gene than that expressing TPM1.

FIG. 1D is a quantitation as described in FIG. 1A for the biomarker tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), expressed from a different gene than that expressing TPM1.

FIG. 1E is a quantitation as described in FIG. 1A for the biomarker chloride ion channel protein 1 (CLIC1).

FIG. 1F is a quantitation as described in FIG. 1A for the biomarker chloride ion channel protein 4 (CLIC4) expressed from a different gene than that expressing CLIC1.

FIG. 2A is a sequence alignment of CLIC4 human (SwissProt Ref: Q9Y696; SEQ ID NO: 1) and 99% identical mouse (SwissProt Ref: Q9QYB1; SEQ ID NO: 2) CLIC4 sequence.

FIG. 2B is a sequence alignment of four human CLIC biomarkers expressed from different genes in the CLIC family. These biomarker gene products are of similar size and located in the 25-50 kDa region (CLIC1—SwissProt Ref: 000299; SEQ ID NO: 3; CLIC2—SwissProt Ref: O15247; SEQ ID NO: 4; CLIC3—SwissProt Ref: 095833; SEQ ID NO: 5; and CLIC4—SwissProt Ref: Q9Y696; SEQ ID NO: 1). Database identifiers are from the Swiss-Prot database. Tryptic sites (K or R) are indicated in bold—underlined sequences—peptides identified in the xenograft mouse serum. Grey highlight—peptides identified only in the patient serum pools. Lower case sequences—peptides identified in both the xenograft mouse and patient serum. Boxed sequences—peptides used for MRM quantitation.

FIG. 3 is a sequence alignment of selected isoforms of the biomarker TPM1, i.e., TPM1 isoform 5 SEQ ID NO: 6, TPM1 isoform 6 SEQ ID NO: 7, TPM1 variant SEQ ID NO: 8, TPM1 isoform CRA_i SEQ ID NO: 9, TPM1 variant 6 SEQ ID NO: 10, and TPM1 cDNA FLJ55130 SEQ ID NO: 11. TPM1 isoforms that contain all five xenograft-identified peptides (lower case sequences) were aligned using the Clustal algorithm. Two additional peptides (grey highlight) were subsequently identified in analyses of ovarian cancer patient sample pools. Inclusion of these peptides suggests the presence of TPM1 Q1ZYL5 or B7Z596. The database type (SP, Swiss-Prot entry; TR, TrEMBL entry), identifier, and brief description are indicated for each sequence. Tryptic sites (K or R) are indicated in bold. Boxed sequences—peptides used for MRM quantitation.

FIGS. 4A-4D are GeLC-MRM quantitations of tropomyosin biomarkers in individuals without ovarian cancer (WCS), individuals with benign (B), and individuals with late-stage (T) ovarian cancer. The following peptides were used to derive these values:

TABLE 1 Peptides represented in FIGS. 4A-D Biomarker Peptide SEQ ID NO: TPM1 variant 6 ETAEADVASLNR AA43-54 of (FIG. 4A) SEQ ID NO: 10 SLQEQADAAEER AA16-27 of SEQ ID NO: 10 LVIIESDLER AA133-142 of SEQ ID NO: 10 AELSEGQVR AA147-155 of SEQ ID NO: 10 TPM3 (FIG. 4B) IQVLQQQADDAEER 12 TPM4 (FIG. 4C) AEGDVAALNR 13 IQALQQQADEAEDR 14 [K]LVILEGELER 15 TPM (common) [R]IQLVEEELDR 16 (FIG. 4D)

FIG. 5A is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the CLIC1 biomarker in serum of normal (n=6), benign (n=9), and ovarian cancer patients (15 Stage III, 3 Stage IV). P-values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni adjustment. Horizontal bars in each group indicate the median serum level of the protein. Peptides associated with this biomarker are shown in Table 5.

FIG. 5B is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the CLIC4 biomarker as described in FIG. 5A. Peptides associated with this biomarker are shown in Table 4.

FIG. 5C is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the TPM1, variant 6 biomarker as described in FIG. 5A. Peptides associated with this biomarker are shown in Table 6.

FIG. 5D is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the TPM3 biomarker as described in FIG. 5A. Peptides associated with this biomarker are shown in Table 7.

FIG. 5E is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the TPM4 biomarker as described in FIG. 5A. Peptides associated with this biomarker are shown in Table 7.

FIG. 5F is a scatter plot showing GeLC-MRM quantitation of the TPM family of biomarkers as described in FIG. 5A. The peptide common to all four gene products and used for this quantitation is shown in Table 8.

FIG. 6A is a ROC curve of the CLIC1 biomarker generated from Control (6 normal, 9 benign) and Cancer (15 Stage III, 3 Stage IV) datasets. The area under the ROC curve is indicated for each biomarker. The peptides associated with each biomarker are shown in Tables 4-8.

FIG. 6B is a ROC curve of the CLIC4 biomarker, as described in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6C is a ROC curve of the TPM1, variant 6 biomarker, as described in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6D is a ROC curve of the TPM3 biomarker, as described in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6E is a ROC curve of the TPM4 biomarker, as described in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6F is a ROC curve of the TPM family, as described in FIG. 6A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

New serological biomarkers for early detection and clinical management of ovarian cancer are urgently needed, and many candidates have been reported. A major challenge frequently encountered when validating candidates in patients is establishing quantitative assays that distinguish between highly homologous proteins. It is important to differentiate between protein isoforms as well as related protein members of a family because these sequence differences are often associated with a vital distinct role that is critical to the protein structure or function. In this regard, any assay, including sandwich ELISA assays, could give misleading results if the biomarker specificity is unknown or if multiple related biomarker proteins are quantitated as a group.

The present inventors developed a gel-based, label-free MRM quantitation approach (GeLC-MRM) as a rapid, first-level biomarker verification strategy using human plasma or serum samples. As disclosed in the examples below, the inventors used in-depth GeLC-MS/MS analysis of patient serum pools and isoform-specific MRM assays (Tang et al, 2012, cited above; Tang, H. Y et al, J Proteome Res 2011, 10, (9), 4005-17; and Beer, L. A et al, J Proteome Res 2011, 10, (3), 1126-38) to identify and quantitate additional EOC biomarkers. Related proteins in two protein families were detected that significantly distinguished between cancer and control patients to a high sensitivity.

The inventors were able to use quantitative MRM assays to distinguish between all related protein members and the isoforms of certain members that were detectable in low abundance in pools of ovarian cancer patient sera. By using a combination of unique and shared peptides together with correlation and factor analysis, the inventors determined that such unidentified related proteins either do not occur at a significant level or change in parallel with the proteins explicitly defined by unique peptides. In summary, the inventors found that the CLIC4 biomarker and at least four tropomyosins biomarker proteins (TPM1 variant 6, TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4) are significantly elevated in ovarian cancer patients compared with non-cancer controls. These proteins, as well as the previously identified biomarkers CLIC1, PRDX6, and CTSD, among others identified in PCT/US2012/54136, are promising new EOC biomarkers for distinguishing between patient cohorts and diagnosing ovarian cancer from non-cancer controls. As such, they form the basis of novel diagnostic reagents and devices, as well as methods for diagnosing or detecting the existence or absence of, or monitoring the progress of, ovarian cancer in a subject. Such compositions and method use one or more of the biomarkers, e.g., CLIC4 in optional combination with one or more other ovarian cancer-associated biomarkers, or CLIC4 in combination with multiple related TPM proteins, to diagnose and monitor the progression and treatment of EOC.

Protein abundance levels of biomarkers in blood, in some embodiments, are dependent upon expression levels in tissues of origin (e.g., ovarian tumors), as well as rate of shedding into the blood and rate of clearance from the blood. While increased expression in a tumor often will correlate with increased abundance levels being observed in the blood, this is not necessarily always true. Therefore, the methods and compositions in one aspect refer to compositions that detect protein biomarkers and to protein assay methods. However, one of skill in the art, given the teachings contained herein, would readily understand that nucleic acid expression levels of the biomarkers and reagents and methods for their detections may be similarly practiced, without undue experimentation.

Diagnostic reagents that can detect and measure the target biomarkers and sets of biomarkers identified herein and methods for evaluating the level or ratios of these target biomarkers vs. their level(s) in a variety of reference standards or controls of different conditions or stages in ovarian cancer are valuable tools in the early detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer.

I. Definitions

“Patient” or “subject” as used herein means a female mammalian animal, including a human, a veterinary or farm animal, a domestic animal or pet, and animals normally used for clinical research. In one embodiment, the subject of these methods and compositions is a human.

By “biomarker” or “biomarker signature” as used herein is meant a single protein or a combination of proteins or peptide fragments thereof, the protein levels or relative protein levels or ratios of which significantly change (either in an increased or decreased manner) from the level or relative levels present in a subject having one physical condition or disease or disease stage from that of a reference standard representative of another physical condition or disease stage. Throughout this specification, wherever a particular biomarker is identified by name, it should be understood that the term “biomarker” includes CLIC4 and/or multiple related proteins of the tropomyosin families. These biomarkers may be combined to form certain sets of biomarkers or ligands to biomarkers in diagnostic reagents. Still other “additional” biomarkers are mentioned specifically herein in combination with CLIC4 and/or the multiple tropomyosin protein members. Biomarkers described in this specification include any physiological molecular forms, or modified physiological molecular forms, isoforms, pro-forms, and peptide fragments thereof, unless otherwise specified. It is understood that all molecular forms useful in this context are physiological, e.g., naturally occurring in the species. Preferably the peptide fragments obtained from the biomarkers are unique sequences, such as those exemplified below. However, it is understood that fragments other than those explicitly identified may be obtained readily by one of skill in the art in view of the teachings provided herein.

By “isoform” or “multiple molecular form” is meant an alternative expression product or variant of a single gene in a given species, including forms generated by alternative splicing, single nucleotide polymorphisms, alternative promoter usage, alternative translation initiation small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of these sequences.

By “related proteins” or “proteins of the same family” are meant expression products of different genes or related genes identified as belonging to a common family. Related proteins in the same biomarker family may or may not share related functions. Related proteins can be readily identified as having significant sequence identity either over the entire protein or a significant part of the protein that is typically referred to as a “domain”; typically proteins with at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity can be readily identified as belonging to the same protein family.

By “homologous protein” is meant an alternative form of a related protein produced from a related gene having a percent sequence similarity or identity of greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 95%, greater than 97%, or greater than 99%.

“Reference standard” as used herein refers to the source of the reference biomarker levels. The “reference standard” is preferably provided by using the same assay technique as is used for measurement of the subject's biomarker levels in the reference subject or population, to avoid any error in standardization. The reference standard is, alternatively, a numerical value, a predetermined cutpoint, a mean, an average, a numerical mean or range of numerical means, a numerical pattern, a ratio, a graphical pattern or a protein abundance profile or protein level profile derived from the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference subject or reference population. In an embodiment, in which expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding the biomarkers is desired to be evaluated, the reference standard can be an expression level of one or more biomarkers or an expression profile.

“Reference subject” or “Reference Population” defines the source of the reference standard. In one embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having no ovarian cancer, i.e., healthy controls or negative controls. In yet another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or population of subjects with one or more clinical indicators of ovarian cancer, but who did not develop ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having benign ovarian nodules or cysts. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects who had ovarian cancer, following surgical removal of an ovarian tumor. In another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects who had ovarian cancer and were evaluated for biomarker levels prior to surgical removal of an ovarian tumor. Similarly, in another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects evaluated for biomarker levels following therapeutic treatment for ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects prior to therapeutic treatment for an ovarian cancer. Similarly, in another embodiment, the reference human subject or a population of subjects without ovarian cancer but which tests positive for a protein level of CA-125 or HE4. Similarly, in another embodiment, the reference human subject or a population of subjects with ovarian cancer but which tests negative for a protein level of CA125 or HE4. In still other embodiments of methods described herein, the reference is obtained from the same test subject who provided a temporally earlier biological sample. That sample can be pre- or post-therapy or pre- or post-surgery.

Other potential reference standards are obtained from a reference that is a human subject or a population of subjects having early stage ovarian cancer. In another embodiment the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having advanced stage ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having a subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having serous ovarian cancer or serous papillary adenocarcinoma. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having mucinous ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having clear cell ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the reference is a subject or a population of subjects having endometrioid ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having Mullerian ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the reference is a human subject or a population of subjects having undifferentiated ovarian cancer or an ovarian sarcoma. In another embodiment, the reference standard is a combination of two or more of the above reference standards.

Selection of the particular class of reference standards, reference population, biomarker levels or profiles depends upon the use to which the diagnostic/monitoring methods and compositions are to be put by the physician and the desired result, e.g., initial diagnosis of ovarian cancer or other ovarian condition, clinical management of patients with ovarian cancer after initial diagnosis, including, but not limited to, monitoring for reoccurrence of disease or monitoring remission or progression of the cancer and either before, during or after therapeutic or surgical intervention, selecting among therapeutic protocols for individual patients, monitoring for development of toxicity or other complications of therapy, predicting development of therapeutic resistance, and the like. Such reference standards or controls are the types that are commonly used in similar diagnostic assays for other biomarkers.

“Sample” as used herein means any biological fluid or tissue that contains the ovarian cancer biomarkers identified herein. The most suitable samples for use in the methods and with the compositions are samples which require minimal invasion for testing, e.g., blood samples, including serum, plasma, whole blood, and circulating tumor cells. It is also anticipated that other biological fluids, such as saliva or urine, vaginal or cervical secretions, and ascites fluids or peritoneal fluid may be similarly evaluated by the methods described herein. Also, circulating tumor cells or fluids containing them are also suitable samples for evaluation in certain embodiments of this invention. The samples may include biopsy tissue, tumor tissue, surgical tissue, circulating tumor cells, or other tissue. Such samples may further be diluted with saline, buffer or a physiologically acceptable diluent. Alternatively, such samples are concentrated by conventional means. In certain embodiments, e.g., those in which expression levels of nucleic acid sequences encoding the biomarkers are desired to be evaluated, the samples may include biopsy tissue, surgical tissue, circulating tumor cells, or other tissue. In one embodiment, the sample is a tumor secretome, i.e., any fluid or medium containing the proteins secreted from the tumor. These shed proteins may be unassociated, associated with other biological molecules, or enclosed in a lipid membrane such as an exosome. In another embodiment, the sample is plasma.

By “significant change in protein level” is meant an increased protein level of a selected biomarker in comparison to that of the selected reference standard or control or relative to a predetermined cutpoint; a decreased protein level of a selected biomarker in comparison to that of the selected reference or control or relative to a predetermined cutpoint; or a combination of a pattern or relative pattern of certain increased and/or decreased biomarkers.

The degree of change in biomarker protein level can vary with each individual and is subject to variation with each population. For example, in one embodiment, a large change, e.g., 2-3 fold increase or decrease in protein levels of a small number of biomarkers, e.g., from 1 to 9 characteristic biomarkers, is statistically significant. In another embodiment, a smaller relative change in 10 or more (i.e., about 10, 20, 24, 29, or 30 or more biomarkers) is statistically significant. The degree of change in any biomarker(s) expression varies with the condition, such as type of ovarian cancer and with the size or spread of the cancer or solid tumor. The degree of change also varies with the immune response of the individual and is subject to variation with each individual. For example, in one embodiment of this invention, a change at or greater than a 1.2 fold increase or decrease in protein level of a biomarker or more than two such biomarkers, or even 3 or more biomarkers, is statistically significant. In another embodiment, a larger change, e.g., at or greater than a 1.5 fold, greater than 1.7 fold or greater than 2.0 fold increase or a decrease in expression of a biomarker(s) is statistically significant. This is particularly true for cancers without solid tumors. Still alternatively, if a single biomarker protein level is significantly increased in biological samples which normally do not contain measurable protein levels of the biomarker, such increase in a single biomarker level may alone be statistically significant. Conversely, if a single biomarker protein level is normally decreased or not significantly measurable in certain biological samples which normally do contain measurable protein levels of the biomarker, such decrease in protein level of a single biomarker may alone be statistically significant.

A change in protein level of a biomarker required for diagnosis or detection by the methods described herein refers to a biomarker whose protein level is increased or decreased in a subject having a condition or suffering from a disease, specifically ovarian cancer, relative to its expression in a reference subject or reference standard. Biomarkers may also be increased or decreased in protein level at different stages of the same disease or condition. The protein levels of specific biomarkers differ between normal subjects and subjects suffering from a disease, benign ovarian nodules, or cancer, or between various stages of the same disease. Protein levels of specific biomarkers differ between pre-surgery and post-surgery patients with ovarian cancer. Such differences in biomarker levels include both quantitative, as well as qualitative, differences in the temporal or relative protein level or abundance patterns among, for example, biological samples of normal and diseased subjects, or among biological samples which have undergone different disease events or disease stages. For the purpose of this invention, a significant change in biomarker protein levels when compared to a reference standard is considered to be present when there is a statistically significant (p<0.05) difference in biomarker protein level between the subject and reference standard or profile, or significantly different relative to a predetermined cut-point.

For example, in one embodiment, the test subject's biomarker(s) levels are compared with a healthy reference standard. If the subject has ovarian cancer, the selected EOC biomarker(s), e.g., CLIC 4 and/or TPM1, 2, 3, and/or 4, will typically show a change in protein level from the levels in the healthy reference standard, thus permitting diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In another example, these biomarker(s) differentially change in protein level (either by increased or decreased protein level) when the biomarker levels or relative levels from the sample of a subject having one of the following conditions is compared to a reference subject or population having another of the following physical conditions. These “conditions” include no ovarian cancer, the presence of benign ovarian nodules, the presence of an ovarian cancer or subtype, the condition following surgical removal of an ovarian tumor; the condition prior to surgical removal of an ovarian tumor; the condition following a specific therapeutic treatment for an ovarian tumor; the condition prior to a specific therapeutic treatment for an ovarian tumor. It is further anticipated that the biomarker(s) expression levels may change and the changes may be detected during treatment for ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, a condition includes that of a subject having undiagnosed clinical symptoms of abdominal pain or other abdominal condition of unknown origin. Still other embodiments of “conditions” as defined above include early stage ovarian cancer; advanced stage ovarian cancer, a subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, serous ovarian cancer; mucinous ovarian cancer, clear cell ovarian cancer, endometrioid ovarian cancer, Mullerian ovarian cancer; undifferentiated ovarian cancer, serous papillary adenocarcinoma; and sarcoma.

The term “ligand” refers with regard to protein biomarkers to a molecule that binds or complexes, with a biomarker protein, molecular form or peptide, such as an antibody, antibody mimic or equivalent that binds to or complexes with a biomarker identified herein, a molecular form or fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, in which the biomarker expression is to be evaluated, the ligand can be a nucleotide sequence, e.g., polynucleotide or oligonucleotide, primer or probe.

As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to an intact immunoglobulin having two light and two heavy chains or fragments thereof capable of binding to a biomarker protein or a fragment of a biomarker protein. Thus a single isolated antibody or fragment may be a monoclonal antibody, a synthetic antibody, a recombinant antibody, a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. The term “antibody fragment” refers to less than an intact antibody structure, including, without limitation, an isolated single antibody chain, an Fv construct, a Fab construct, an Fc construct, a light chain variable or complementarity determining region (CDR) sequence, etc.

As used herein, “labels” or “reporter molecules” are chemical or biochemical moieties useful for labeling a ligand, e.g., amino acid, peptide sequence, protein, or antibody. “Labels” and “reporter molecules” include fluorescent agents, chemiluminescent agents, chromogenic agents, quenching agents, radionucleotides, enzymes, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, radioactive isotopes, magnetic particles, and other moieties known in the art. “Labels” or “reporter molecules” are capable of generating a measurable signal and may be covalently or noncovalently joined to a ligand.

As used herein the term “cancer” refers to or describes the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth. More specifically, as used herein, the term “cancer” means any ovarian cancer. In one embodiment, the ovarian cancer is an epithelial ovarian cancer or subtype as referred to in “conditions” above. In still an alternative embodiment, the cancer is an “early stage” (I or II) ovarian cancer. In still another embodiment, the cancer is a “late stage” (III or IV) ovarian cancer.

The term “tumor,” as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.

By “therapeutic reagent” or “regimen” is meant any type of treatment employed in the treatment of cancers with or without solid tumors, including, without limitation, chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals, biological response modifiers, radiation, diet, vitamin therapy, hormone therapies, gene therapy, surgical resection, etc.

The term “microarray” refers to an ordered arrangement of binding/complexing array elements or ligands, e.g. antibodies, on a substrate.

In the context of the compositions and methods described herein, reference to “at least two,” “at least five,” etc. of the biomarkers listed in any particular biomarker set means any and all combinations of the biomarkers identified. Specific biomarkers for the biomarker profile do for use in this invention include CLIC4, but may also include any biomarker, fragment or molecular form, as discussed herein.

By “significant change in expression” is meant an upregulation in the expression level of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., genes or transcript, encoding a selected biomarker, in comparison to the selected reference standard or control; a downregulation in the expression level of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., genes or transcript, encoding a selected biomarker, in comparison to the selected reference standard or control; or a combination of a pattern or relative pattern of certain upregulated and/or down regulated biomarker genes. The degree of change in biomarker expression can vary with each individual as stated above for protein biomarkers.

The term “polynucleotide,” when used in singular or plural form, generally refers to any polyribonucleotide or polydeoxribonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. Thus, for instance, polynucleotides as defined herein include, without limitation, single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA including single- and double-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA including single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or include single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, the term “polynucleotide” as used herein refers to triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. The term “polynucleotide” specifically includes cDNAs. The term includes DNAs (including cDNAs) and RNAs that contain one or more modified bases. In general, the term “polynucleotide” embraces all chemically, enzymatically and/or metabolically modified forms of unmodified polynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells, including simple and complex cells.

The term “oligonucleotide” refers to a relatively short polynucleotide of less than 20 bases, including, without limitation, single-stranded deoxyribonucleotides, single- or double-stranded ribonucleotides, RNA:DNA hybrids and double-stranded DNAs. Oligonucleotides, such as single-stranded DNA probe oligonucleotides, are often synthesized by chemical methods, for example using automated oligonucleotide synthesizers that are commercially available. However, oligonucleotides can be made by a variety of other methods, including in vitro recombinant DNA-mediated techniques and by expression of DNAs in cells and organisms.

One skilled in the art may readily reproduce the compositions and methods described herein by use of the amino acid sequences of the biomarkers and other molecular forms, which are publicly available from conventional sources.

It should be understood that while various embodiments in the specification are presented using “comprising” language, under various circumstances, a related embodiment is also be described using “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” language. It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an”, refers to one or more, for example, “an immunoglobulin molecule,” is understood to represent one or more immunoglobulin molecules. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” is used interchangeably herein.

Unless defined otherwise in this specification, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs and by reference to published texts, which provide one skilled in the art with a general guide to many of the terms used in the present application.

II. Biomarkers and Biomarker Signatures Useful in the Methods and Compositions

The “targets” of the compositions and methods of these inventions include, in one aspect, CLIC4, optionally with other biomarkers identified herein, fragments, particularly unique fragments thereof, and molecular forms thereof. In certain embodiments, superior diagnostic tests for diagnosing the existence of ovarian cancer utilize at least one of the ligands that bind or complex with CLIC4, or one of the fragments or molecular forms thereof. In other embodiments, superior diagnostic tests for distinguishing ovarian cancer from one of the conditions recited above utilize multiple ligands, each individually detecting a different specific target biomarker identified herein, or isoform, modified form or peptide thereof. In still other methods, no ligand is necessary, e.g., MRM assays.

Thus, in one aspect, the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. The amino acid sequences for CLIC4 and its molecular forms are publically available, such as in GENBANK. In one embodiment, the biomarker CLIC4 is Uniprot ID no. Z9Y696 or a peptide fragment thereof. Certain fragments of CLIC4 that may be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein include one or more peptide fragments, such as, but not limited to, those identified below. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to CLIC4 herein also refers to a peptide and the molecular form thereof, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding CLIC4 and/or any of its unique peptides or forms. Among such fragments useful for detection of CLIC4 are

(a) GVVFSVTTVDLK, aa 49-60 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (b) LDEYLNSPLPDEIDENSMEDIK, aa 151-172 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (c) NSRPEANEALER, aa 131-142 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (d) YLTNAYSR, aa 20-27of SEQ ID NO: 1 (d) EVEIAYSDVAK, aa 139-249 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (e) LFMILWLK, aa 41-48 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (f) DEFTNTCPSDK, aa 228-238 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (g) IEEFLEEVLCPPK, aa 91-103 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (h) FLDGNEMTLADCNLLPK, aa 178-194 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (i) EEDKEPLIELFVK, aa 12-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or (j) HPESNTAGMDIFAK, aa 111-124 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, the methionine in each sequence is the oxidized form; in other embodiments, the methionine in each sequence is in the unoxidized form.

In another embodiment the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is Tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), as described in International Patent Application No. PCT/US12/54136. The amino acid sequence for TPM1 is publically available, such as in GENBANK. In one embodiment, an isoform of TPM1 is TPM1, variant 6 (UniProt ID No. Q1ZYL5) or TPM1, variant 8 (UniProt ID No. B7Z596). Certain fragments of TPM1 may also be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to TPM1 herein also refers to any of its peptides or molecular forms, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding TPM1 and/or any of the peptides.

In another embodiment the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is Tropomyosin 2 (TPM2). The amino acid sequence for TPM2 is publically available, such as in GENBANK. In another embodiment, an isoform of TPM2 is TPM2 beta chain (UniProt ID No. UR1H_P07951, UR1H_Q5TCU3, or UR1H_Q5TCU8) or TPM2, isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P07951-2, A7XZE4). Certain fragments of TPM2 may also be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to TPM2 herein also refers to any of its peptides or molecular forms, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding TPM2 and/or any of the peptides.

In another embodiment the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is Tropomyosin 3 (TPM3). The amino acid sequence for TPM3 is publically available, such as in GENBANK. In still another embodiment, an isoform of TPM3 is TPM3 alpha-3 chain (UniProt ID No. P06753, Q5VU59, Q5HYB6, B2RDE1, or E2RB38). Certain fragments of TPM3 may also be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to TPM3 herein also refers to any of its peptides or molecular forms, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding TPM3 and/or any of the peptides.

In another embodiment the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is Tropomyosin 4 (TPM4). The amino acid sequence for TPM4 is publically available, such as in GENBANK. In a further embodiment, an isoform of TPM4 is TPM4 alpha-4 chain (UniProt ID No. P6736), or TPM4, Isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P67936-2). Certain fragments of TPM4 may also be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein, e.g., Table 3. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to TPM4 herein also refers to any of its peptides or molecular forms, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding TPM4 and/or any of the peptides.

In another embodiment the target biomarker of the methods and compositions described herein is a peptide sequence shared by two or more members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins TPM1, TPM2, TPM3 and TPM4. A common amino acid sequence for TPM or fragments thereof can be readily generated using and aligning the publically known sequences for the native TPM family members. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to common TPM herein also refers to any of its fragments or peptides derived therefrom or the common sequence generated by use of 2 or more of the TPM related proteins to generate the alignment.

In still other embodiments, the target biomarker(s) are multiple members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins, such as tropomyosin 1 (TPM1); tropomyosin 2 (TPM2); tropomyosin 3 (TPM3); tropomyosin 4 (TPM4); or a common sequence shared by two or more of these related proteins.

In still another embodiment, the target biomarker is actually a set of targets, which set contains CLIC4 (as defined above) and one or more additional EOC target biomarkers. In still another embodiment, the target biomarker is actually a set of targets, which set contains two or more related TPM family proteins or a TPM common or shared peptide or protein (as defined above) and one or more additional EOC target biomarkers. It should be understood that wherever in a following list of biomarker sets, a TPM biomarker is identified, it could be replaced or used with a common or shared TPM sequence.

Thus, among other embodiments, a set of biomarkers can be one of the following sets: CLIC4, TPM1 or CLIC4, TPM2 or CLIC4, TPM3 or CLIC4, TPM4, or CLIC4, TPM1, TPM2, or CLIC4, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, or CLIC4, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC4, TPM2, TPM3 or CLIC4, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC4, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC4, TPM2, TPM4, or CLIC4, TPM1, TPM3.

However, still other additional biomarkers can include any of the biomarkers identified in International Patent Application No. PCT/US12/54136, such as CLIC 1 or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof. The amino acid sequence for CLIC1 is publically available, such as in GENBANK. Certain fragments of CLIC1 that may be useful as targets in the methods and compositions described herein include one or more peptide fragments, such as, but not limited to, those identified herein. It should be understood that, depending upon the context, any reference to CLIC1 herein also refers to any of these peptides, or any molecular form of the biomarker, as well as the nucleotide sequences encoding CLIC1 and/or any of the peptides. Among useful fragments of CLIC1 include

(a) GVTFNVTTVDTK, aa 38-49 of SEQ ID NO: 3; (b) LAALNPESNTAGLDIFAK, aa 96-113 of SEQ ID NO: 3; or (c) NSNPALNDNLEK, aa 120-131 of SEQ ID NO: 3.

Thus, in another embodiment, a desirable set of target biomarkers includes, without limitation: CLIC4 and CLIC1, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM1, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM2, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM3, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM4, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM2, TPM3, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM1, TPM3, or CLIC4, CLIC1, TPM2, TPM4. In another embodiment, a desirable set of target biomarkers includes, without limitation: CLIC1, TPM2, or CLIC1, TPM3, or CLIC1, TPM4, or CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, or CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, or CLIC1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or CLIC1, TPM2, TPM3, or CLIC1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC1, TPM3, TPM4, or CLIC1, TPM1, TPM3, or CLIC1, TPM2, TPM4.

Still other sets of target biomarkers that include either CLIC4 and/or multiple TPM biomarkers as described above, can further include other known EOC biomarkers, which may be added to the above-identified sets either individually or in groups. In certain embodiments, the additional biomarker is cathepsin D-30 kDa (CTSD-30) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CTSD-30. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is peroxieredoxin-6 (PRDX6) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with PRDX6. In still other embodiments, the additional biomarker is the known EOC biomarker CA125, or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment therefrom or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CA125. In still other embodiments, the additional biomarker is the known EOC biomarker HE4, or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment therefrom or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with HE4. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with BPGM. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is proteasome subunit alpha type-7 (PSMA7) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with PSMA7. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is aldose reductase (AKR1B1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with AKR1B1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is homeobox protein (HMX1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with HMX1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is melastatin 1 (TRPM1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with TRPM1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is protein CutA (CUTA) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CUTA. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is SERPINB12 protein (SERPINB12), or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with SERPINB12. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is cathepsin D-52 kDa (CTSD-52) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CTSD-52.

In still other multiple biomarker combinations with either CLIC4 and/or multiple TPM biomarkers or a TPM common or shared biomarker, include, without limitation, or consist of, the following exemplary combinations of biomarkers or combinations that include different molecular forms of the same biomarker, for diagnosis of ovarian cancer or for monitoring the progression of the severity of disease or remission of disease:

CLIC4 with one or more of CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM, PSMA7, AKRIB1, HMX1, TRPM1, CUTA, SERPINB12, CTSD-30 kDa or CTSD-52 kDa; or

CLIC4 and one or multiple TPM 1-4, as above, with one or more of CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM, PSMA7, AKRIB1, HMX1, TRPM1, CUTA, SERPINB12, CTSD-30 kDa or CTSD-52 kDa; or

CLIC4 with one or more of CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM, PSMA7, AKRIB1, HMX1, TRPM1, CUTA, SERPINB12, CTSD-30 kDa or CTSD-52 kDa, and CA125 and/or HE4; or

CLIC4 and one or multiple TPM 1-4, as above, with CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM, PSMA7, AKRIB1, HMX1, TRPM1, CUTA, SERPINB12, CTSD-30 kDa or CTSD-52 kDa, and CA125 and/or HE4.

In still another aspect, a biomarker combination includes, without limitation, or consists of, the following exemplary combinations of biomarkers for diagnosis of ovarian cancer or for monitoring the progression of the severity of disease or remission of disease:

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, and/or CLIC1, and/or PRDX6, or

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, and PRDX6;

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6 and at least two TPM proteins selected from TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or common or shared TPM;

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6 and BPGM,

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6 and PSMA7, CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM, and at least two TPM proteins selected from TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or common or shared TPM;

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6, PSMA7, and at least two TPM proteins selected from TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or common or shared TPM;

CLIC4, CTSD-30 kDa, CLIC1, PRDX6, BPGM and PSMA7, and at least two TPM proteins selected from TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or common or shared TPM.

Still other permutations of the biomarkers listed herein may form the multiple biomarker targets or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or peptide fragment thereof in the compositions and methods of this invention. One of skill in the art may readily form appropriate combinations from the biomarkers listed herein, and from any isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with a specifically named biomarker herein. It is further anticipated that CLIC4 alone, multiple tropomyosins (TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 or common or shared TPM) alone, or CLIC4 in concert with multiple tropomyosins may be further combined with other known EOC markers to form desirable target sets.

For example, among desirable biomarker signatures are signatures that comprise, or consist of, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25 or more of the biomarkers described herein or any other known ovarian cancer biomarker or molecular forms or peptides thereof. It is contemplated that even higher abundance biomarkers (including some identified in PCT/US12/54136) may be useful when combined in a panel or signature with the low abundance biomarker CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs.

As further stated above, the biomarkers/biomarker signatures described above, can in another embodiment, refer to nucleic acid sequences, genes and transcripts encoding the biomarkers and expression profiles thereof.

II. Diagnostic Reagents, Devices and Kits

A. Labeled or Immobilized Biomarkers or Peptides or Molecular Forms

Thus, in one aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the biomarker protein or nucleic acid is associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In another embodiment, the biomarker protein or nucleic acid is associated with a substrate and is immobilized.

In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises multiple members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins, such as tropomyosin 1 (TPM1); tropomyosin 2 (TPM2); tropomyosin 3 (TPM3); tropomyosin 4 (TPM4); or a common or shared sequence formed of two or more of these related proteins, or multiple isoforms, pro-forms, modified molecular forms, or unique peptide fragments or nucleic acid fragments thereof. In one embodiment, the biomarker protein or nucleic acid is associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In another embodiment, the biomarker protein or nucleic acid is associated with a substrate and is immobilized.

In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a CLIC4 and one or multiple members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins, or the TPM common or shared sequence, or multiple isoforms, pro-forms, modified molecular forms, or unique peptide fragments or nucleic acid fragments thereof. In one embodiment, the biomarker proteins or nucleic acid sequences are each associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In another embodiment, the biomarker protein or nucleic acid is associated with a substrate and is immobilized. Where the reagent or device contains multiple biomarker sequences, the detectable moieties and signals can each be different, so as to identify different results.

In still other embodiments, the device or reagent designed to identify CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs can include additional EOC biomarker proteins, fragments or nucleic acid sequences, such as the disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US12/54136, incorporated by reference herein. Thus, a diagnostic reagent or device as described herein can comprise 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 or 20 or more biomarker sequences.

In still other embodiments, diagnostic reagents or devices for use in the methods of diagnosing ovarian cancer include CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs and one or more additional target biomarkers or peptide fragments identified herein, including, but not limited to, isoforms or molecular forms thereof, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with the identified biomarker.

In still another embodiment of these sets can include one or more additional biomarker that indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in a human subject. In certain embodiments, the additional biomarker is cathepsin D-30 kDa (CTSD-30) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CTSD-30. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is peroxieredoxin-6 (PRDX6) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with PRDX6. In still other embodiments, the additional biomarker is CA125, or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment therefrom or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CA125. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with BPGM. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is proteasome subunit alpha type-7 (PSMA7) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with PSMA7. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is aldose reductase (AKR1B1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with AKR1B1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is homeobox protein (HMX1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with HMX1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is melastatin 1 (TRPM1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with TRPM1. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is protein CutA (CUTA) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CUTA. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is SERPINB12 protein (SERPINB12), or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with SERPINB12. In other embodiments, the additional biomarker is cathepsin D-52 kDa (CTSD-52) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with CTSD-52.

In such embodiments of the diagnostic reagents and devices, at least one of the biomarkers is associated with a detectable label or portion of a detectable label system. In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent includes one or more target biomarker or peptide fragment identified herein, immobilized on a substrate. In still another embodiment, combinations of such labeled or immobilized biomarkers are suitable reagents and components of a diagnostic kit or device. In another aspect, suitable embodiments of such labeled or immobilized reagents include at least one, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or all 20 or more biomarkers identified herein or their unique peptide fragments.

In one aspect the reagent, device or kit as described above further comprises or consists of ligands that individually specifically complex with, bind to, or quantitatively detect or identify multiple isoforms or multiple related proteins of any of biomarkers mentioned herein. In another aspect, the reagent, device or kit comprises or consists of ligands that individually specifically complex with, bind to, or quantitatively detect or identify two or more biomarkers identified in the groups specifically discussed above. Still other diagnostic reagents are the surrogate peptides used for the MRM assays, such as, but not limited to, the peptides disclosed herein.

Any combination of labeled or immobilized biomarkers as described above can be assembled in a diagnostic kit or device for the purposes of diagnosing ovarian cancer, such as those combinations of biomarkers discussed herein.

For these reagents, the labels may be selected from among many known diagnostic labels, including those described above. Similarly, the substrates for immobilization in a device may be any of the common substrates, glass, plastic, a microarray, a microfluidics card, a chip, a bead or a chamber.

B. Labeled or Immobilized Ligands that Bind or Complex with the Biomarkers

In another aspect, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the ligand is associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal. In another embodiment, the ligand is associated with a substrate on which the ligand is immobilized.

In still other embodiments, the diagnostic reagent or device comprises a set of multiple ligands, each ligand individually capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying a single biomarker or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying multiple members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins, such as tropomyosin 1 (TPM1); tropomyosin 2 (TPM2); tropomyosin 3 (TPM3); tropomyosin 4 (TPM4); or a common or shared sequence within two or more of these related proteins. In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises multiple ligands, each ligand capable of identifying a different TPM family member.

In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent or device comprises a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying CLIC4 and one or more ligands capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying individually one or multiple members of the related family of tropomyosin proteins, or the TPM common or shared sequence. In still other embodiments, the device or reagent designed to identify CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs can contain ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying other additional EOC biomarkers, such as the unique peptides directed to the above biomarkers and as disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US12/54136, incorporated by reference herein.

Thus, a diagnostic reagent or device as described herein can comprise 1 to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 or 20 or more such ligands to identify an equivalent number of biomarkers. In still other embodiments, diagnostic reagents or devices for use in the methods of diagnosing ovarian cancer include ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs and one or more additional target biomarkers or peptide fragments identified herein, including, but not limited to, isoforms or molecular forms thereof, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof, or proteins in the same biomarker family or expressed from a related gene, having at least 20% sequence homology or sequence identity with the identified biomarker.

In still another embodiment, one or more of said ligands in the diagnostic reagent or device is associated with a molecule or moiety capable alone or in combination with one or more additional molecules of generating a detectable signal, a detectable label or portion of a detectable label system. In another embodiment, a diagnostic reagent includes one or more ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying target biomarker or peptide fragment identified herein, immobilized on a substrate. In still another embodiment, combinations of such labeled or immobilized ligands are suitable reagents and components of a diagnostic kit or device.

In one aspect the reagent, device or kit comprises or consists of ligands that complex with, bind to, or quantitatively detect or identify multiple isoforms or multiple related proteins of any of biomarkers mentioned herein. In another aspect, the reagent, device or kit comprises or consists of ligands that individually specifically complex with, bind to, or quantitatively detect or identify two or more biomarkers in a biomarker family. Still other diagnostic reagents are the ligands to the surrogate peptides used for the MRM assays, such as, but not limited to, the peptides disclosed herein.

Any combination of labeled or immobilized ligands can be assembled in a diagnostic kit or device for the purposes of diagnosing ovarian cancer, such as those combinations of ligands to target biomarker sets discussed herein.

For these reagents, the labels may be selected from among many known diagnostic labels, including those described above. Similarly, the substrates for immobilization in a device may be any of the common substrates, glass, plastic, a microarray, a microfluidics card, a chip, a bead or a chamber.

In another embodiment, the diagnostic reagent or device includes a ligand that binds to or complexes with a biomarker as identified above or a unique peptide thereof, or a molecular form thereof, or a related protein family member expressed by a different, related gene, or a combination of such ligands. In certain aspects, the diagnostic reagent or device includes ligands which can include an antibody or fragment of an antibody, an antibody mimic, a synthetic antibody, a single chain antibody or an equivalent that binds to or complexes with a single biomarker, said ligand optionally associated with a detectable label or with a substrate. Such antibodies may be presently extant in the art or presently used commercially, such as those available as part of commercial antibody sandwich ELISA assay kits or that may be developed by techniques now common in the field of immunology. A recombinant molecule bearing the binding portion of a biomarker antibody, e.g., carrying one or more variable chain CDR sequences that bind e.g., CLIC4, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, PRDX6, CTSD-30, CDSD-52, CLIC1, etc. may also be used in a diagnostic assay. As used herein, the term “antibody” may also refer, where appropriate, to a mixture of different antibodies or antibody fragments that bind to the selected biomarker. Such different antibodies may bind to different biomarkers or different portions of the same biomarker protein than the other antibodies in the mixture. Such differences in antibodies used in the assay may be reflected in the CDR sequences of the variable regions of the antibodies. Such differences may also be generated by the antibody backbone, for example, if the antibody itself is a non-human antibody containing a human CDR sequence, or a chimeric antibody or some other recombinant antibody fragment containing sequences from a non-human source. Antibodies or fragments useful in the compositions or methods described herein may be generated synthetically or recombinantly, using conventional techniques or may be isolated and purified from plasma or further manipulated to increase the binding affinity thereof. It should be understood that any antibody, antibody fragment, or mixture thereof that binds one of the biomarkers described herein or a particular sequence of the selected biomarker or peptide fragment thereof may be employed in the compositions and methods, regardless of how the antibody or mixture of antibodies was generated. Various forms of antibody, e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, recombinant, chimeric, as well as fragments and components (e.g., CDRs, single chain variable regions, etc.) or antibody mimics or equivalents may be used in place of antibodies. The ligand itself may be labeled or immobilized.

In another embodiment, the reagent ligands are nucleotide sequences, the diagnostic reagent is a polynucleotide or oligonucleotide sequence that hybridizes to gene, gene fragment, gene transcript or nucleotide sequence encoding a biomarker discussed herein or encoding a unique peptide thereof. Such a polynucleotide/oligonucleotide can be a probe or primer, and may itself be labeled or immobilized. In one embodiment, ligand-hybridizing polynucleotide or oligonucleotide reagent(s) are part of a primer-probe set, and the kit comprises both primer and probe. Each said primer-probe set amplifies a different gene, gene fragment or gene expression product that encodes a different biomarker discussed herein, optionally including one or more additional known biomarkers, also as described above. For use in the compositions the PCR primers and probes are preferably designed based upon intron sequences present in the biomarker gene(s) to be amplified selected from the gene expression profile. The design of the primer and probe sequences is within the skill of the art once the particular gene target is selected. The particular methods selected for the primer and probe design and the particular primer and probe sequences are not limiting features of these compositions. A ready explanation of primer and probe design techniques available to those of skill in the art is summarized in U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,340, with reference to publically available tools such as DNA BLAST software, the Repeat Masker program (Baylor College of Medicine), Primer Express (Applied Biosystems); MGB assay-by-design (Applied Biosystems); Primer3 (Steve Rozen and Helen J. Skaletsky (2000) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers and other publications.

In general, optimal PCR primers and probes used in the compositions described herein are generally 17-30 bases in length, and contain about 20-80%, such as, for example, about 50-60% G+C bases. Melting temperatures of between 50 and 80° C., e.g. about 50 to 70° C. are typically preferred.

In one embodiment, such a ligand binding to a protein biomarker or a unique peptide contained therein, can be an antibody which specifically binds a single biomarker such as CLIC4, or a unique peptide in that single biomarker or a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes to the nucleic acid sequence encoding CLIC4 or its unique peptide. In one embodiment, such a ligand desirably binds to a protein biomarker or a unique peptide contained therein, and can be an antibody which specifically binds to one or more of the TPM family members, e.g., TPM1, 2, 3, or 4 individually, collectively, or individually to a unique peptide in that single TPM biomarker, or to a TPM common or shared biomarker. In another embodiment, such a ligand can hybridize to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein biomarker or a unique peptide contained therein, where the biomarker is one or more of the TPM family members, e.g., TPM1, 2, 3, or 4 individually, collectively, or individually to a nucleic acid encoding a unique peptide in that single TPM biomarker, or to a TPM common or shared biomarker.

In another embodiment, suitable labeled or immobilized reagents include at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10 or 11 or more ligands or antibodies, in which each ligand binds to or complexes with a single biomarker protein/peptide, fragment, or molecular form of the biomarker(s) listed in detail above. In some of the embodiments in which the combination of biomarkers including those listed specifically above or another known additional biomarker that may be in higher abundance in serum, ligands to each of these additional biomarkers may be employed in the diagnostic reagent.

Any combination of labeled or immobilized biomarker ligands can be assembled in a diagnostic kit or device for the purposes of diagnosing ovarian cancer.

Thus, a kit or device can contain multiple reagents or one or more individual reagents. For example, one embodiment of a composition includes a substrate upon which the biomarkers or ligands are immobilized. In another embodiment, the kit also contains optional detectable labels, immobilization substrates, optional substrates for enzymatic labels, as well as other laboratory items.

The diagnostic reagents, devices, or kits compositions based on the biomarkers or fragments described herein or including the ligands thereto, optionally associated with detectable labels, can be presented in the format of a microfluidics card, a chip or chamber, a bead or a kit adapted for use with assays formats such as sandwich ELISAs, multiple protein assays, platform multiplex ELISAs, such as the BioRad Luminex platform, mass spectrometry quantitative assays, or PCR, RT-PCR or Q PCR techniques.

The selection of the ligands, biomarker sequences, their length, suitable labels and substrates used in the reagents and kits are routine determinations made by one of skill in the art in view of the teachings herein of which biomarkers form signatures suitable for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Assembly of the ligands and biomarkers discussed herein, attachment to a substrate, and assembly into the form of a microarray, a microfluidics card, a chip, a bead, or a chamber employ techniques known in the art.

IV. Methods for Diagnosing or Monitoring Ovarian Cancer

In another embodiment, a method for diagnosing or detecting or monitoring the progress of ovarian cancer and treatment of ovarian cancer in a subject comprises, or consists of, a variety of steps.

A. Sample Preparation

The test sample is obtained from a human subject who is to undergo the treatment or is in the process of being treated. The subject's sample can in one embodiment be provided before initial diagnosis, so that the method is performed to diagnose the existence of an ovarian cancer.

In another embodiment, depending upon the reference standard and markers used, the method is performed to diagnosis the stage of ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, depending upon the reference standard and markers used, the method is performed to diagnosis the type or subtype of ovarian cancer from the types and subtypes identified above. In another embodiment, the subject's sample can be provided after a diagnosis, so that the method is performed to monitor progression of an ovarian cancer. In another embodiment, the sample can be provided prior to surgical removal of an ovarian tumor or prior to therapeutic treatment of a diagnosed ovarian cancer and the method used to thereafter monitor the effect of the treatment or surgery, and to check for relapse. In another embodiment, the sample can be provided following surgical removal of an ovarian tumor or following therapeutic treatment of a diagnosed ovarian cancer, and the method performed to ascertain efficacy of treatment or relapse. In yet another embodiment the sample may be obtained from the subject periodically during therapeutic treatment for an ovarian cancer, and the method employed to track efficacy of therapy or relapse. In yet another embodiment the sample may be obtained from the subject periodically during therapeutic treatment to enable the physician to change therapies or adjust dosages. In one or more of these embodiments, the subject's own prior sample can be employed in the method as the reference standard.

Preferably where the sample is a fluid, e.g., blood, serum or plasma, obtaining the sample involves simply withdrawing and preparing the sample in traditional fashion for contact with the diagnostic reagent. Where the sample is a tissue or tumor sample, it may be prepared in conventional manner for contact with the diagnostic reagent.

The method further involves contacting the sample obtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent as described above under conditions that permit the reagent to bind to or complex with one or more biomarker(s), e.g., CLIC4 and/or multiple TPM biomarkers, and/or additional biomarkers which may be present in the sample. This method may employ any of the suitable diagnostic reagents or kits or compositions described above.

B. Measuring Biomarker Levels

Thereafter, a suitable assay is employed to detect or measure in the sample the protein level (actual or relative) of one or more biomarker(s), including CLIC4 and/or multiple TPMs, and/or additional biomarkers discussed herein. Alternatively, a suitable assay is employed to generate a protein abundance profile (actual or relative or ratios thereof) of multiple biomarkers discussed herein from the sample or of multiple different molecular forms of the same biomarker or both. In another embodiment, the above method further includes measuring in the biological sample of the subject the protein level of one or more additional biomarkers, such as CTSD-30 kDa, CA125 or other known ovarian cancer biomarker identified herein or other known EOC biomarker known in the art.

In another embodiment, the above method further includes measuring in the biological sample of the subject the protein levels of two or more additional biomarkers which form with CLIC4 and/or multiple or common or shared TPMs, a biomarker protein abundance signature for ovarian cancer. In one embodiment, the measurement of all target biomarkers occurs in a single sample. In another embodiment, the measurement of all target biomarkers occurs in a multiple samples from a single patient. It should be understood that the measurement of all biomarkers need not occur simultaneously or in the same assay. Results from multiple assays may be combined providing that they are performed within a reasonable time for comparison with the other target biomarker levels.

The measurement of the biomarker(s) in the biological sample may employ any suitable ligand, e.g., antibody, antibody mimic or equivalent (or antibody to any second biomarker) to detect the biomarker protein, as described above. Similarly, the antibodies may be tagged or labeled with reagents capable of providing a detectable signal, depending upon the assay format employed. Such labels are capable, alone or in concert with other compositions or compounds, of providing a detectable signal. Where more than one antibody is employed in a diagnostic method for a single biomarker, e.g., such as in a sandwich ELISA, the labels are desirably interactive to produce a detectable signal. Most desirably, the label is detectable visually, e.g. colorimetrically. A variety of enzyme systems operate to reveal a colorimetric signal in an assay, e.g., glucose oxidase (which uses glucose as a substrate) releases peroxide as a product that in the presence of peroxidase and a hydrogen donor such as tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) produces an oxidized TMB that is seen as a blue color. Other examples include horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP), and hexokinase in conjunction with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that reacts with ATP, glucose, and NAD+ to yield, among other products, NADH that is detected as increased absorbance at 340 nm wavelength.

Other label systems that may be utilized in the methods and devices of this invention are detectable by other means, e.g., colored latex microparticles (Bangs Laboratories, Indiana) in which a dye is embedded may be used in place of enzymes to provide a visual signal indicative of the presence of the resulting selected biomarker-antibody complex in applicable assays. Still other labels include fluorescent compounds, radioactive compounds or elements. Preferably, an anti-biomarker antibody is associated with, or conjugated to a fluorescent detectable fluorochromes, e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE), allophycocyanin (APC), coriphosphine-O (CPO) or tandem dyes, PE-cyanin-5 (PC5), and PE-Texas Red (ECD). Commonly used fluorochromes include fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE), allophycocyanin (APC), and also include the tandem dyes, PE-cyanin-5 (PC5), PE-cyanin-7 (PC7), PE-cyanin-5.5, PE-Texas Red (ECD), rhodamine, PerCP, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and Alexa dyes. Combinations of such labels, such as Texas Red and rhodamine, FITC+PE, FITC+PECy5 and PE+PECy7, among others may be used depending upon assay method.

Detectable labels for attachment to antibodies useful in diagnostic assays and devices of this invention may be easily selected from among numerous compositions known and readily available to one skilled in the art of diagnostic assays. The biomarker-antibodies or fragments useful in this invention are not limited by the particular detectable label or label system employed. Thus, selection and/or generation of suitable biomarker antibodies with optional labels for use in this invention is within the skill of the art, provided with this specification, the documents incorporated herein, and the conventional teachings of immunology.

Similarly the particular assay format used to measure the selected biomarker in a biological sample may be selected from among a wide range of protein assays, such as described in the examples below. Suitable assays include enzyme-linked immunoassays, sandwich immunoassays, homogeneous assays, immunohistochemistry formats, or other conventional assay formats. In one embodiment, a serum/plasma sandwich ELISA is employed in the method. In another embodiment, a mass spectrometry-based assay is employed. In another embodiment, a MRM assay is employed, in which antibodies are used to enrich the biomarker in a manner analogous to the capture antibody in sandwich ELISAs. One of skill in the art may readily select from any number of conventional immunoassay formats to perform this invention.

Other reagents for the detection of protein in biological samples, such as peptide mimetics, synthetic chemical compounds capable of detecting the selected biomarker may be used in other assay formats for the quantitative detection of biomarker protein in biological samples, such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), immunohistochemistry, etc.

Employing ligand binding to the biomarker proteins or multiple biomarkers forming the signature enables more precise quantitative assays, as illustrated by the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry (MS) assays. As an alternative to specific peptide-based MRM-MS assays that can distinguish specific protein isoforms and proteolytic fragments, the knowledge of specific molecular forms of biomarkers allows more accurate antibody-based assays, such as sandwich ELISA assays or their equivalent. Frequently, the isoform specificity, protein domain specificity and affects of posttranslational modifications on binding of immune reagents used in pre-clinical (and some clinical) diagnostic tests are not well defined. MRM-MS assays were used to quantitative the levels of a number of the low abundance biomarkers in samples, as discussed in the examples.

In one embodiment, suitable assays for use in these methods include immunoassays using antibodies or ligands to the above-identified biomarkers and biomarker signatures. In another embodiment, a suitable assay includes a multiplexed MRM based assay for two more biomarkers that include one or more of the proteins/unique peptides described herein. It is anticipated that ultimately the platform most likely to be used in clinical assays will be multi-plexed or parallel sandwich ELISA assays or their equivalent, primarily because this platform is the technology most commonly used to quantify blood proteins in clinical laboratories. MRM MS assays may continue to be used productively to help evaluate the isoform/molecular form specificity of any existing immunoassays or those developed in the future. In addition, multiplexed quantitative MS assays such as MRM MS may replace ELISA assays in clinical laboratories in some situations.

C. Detection of a Change in Biomarker Abundance Level and Diagnosis

The protein level of the one or more biomarker(s) in the subject's sample or the protein abundance profile of multiple said biomarkers as detected by the use of the assays described above is then compared with the level of the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference standard or reference profile. In one embodiment, the comparing step of the method is performed by a computer processor or computer-programmed instrument that generates numerical or graphical data useful in the appropriate diagnosis of the condition. Optionally, the comparison may be performed manually.

The detection or observation of a change in the protein level of a biomarker or biomarkers in the subject's sample from the same biomarker or biomarkers in the reference standard can indicate an appropriate diagnosis. An appropriate diagnosis can be identifying a risk of developing ovarian cancer, a diagnosis of ovarian cancer (or stage or type thereof), a diagnosis or detection of the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject following therapy or surgery, a determination of the need for a change in therapy or dosage of therapeutic agent. The method is thus useful for early diagnosis of disease, for monitoring response or relapse after initial diagnosis and treatment or to predict clinical outcome or determine the best clinical treatment for the subject.

In one embodiment, the change in protein level of each biomarker can involve an increase of a biomarker or multiple biomarkers in comparison to the specific reference standard. In one embodiment, the biomarker CLIC4 is increased in a subject sample from a patient having ovarian cancer when compared to the levels of these biomarkers from a healthy reference standard. In another embodiment, the biomarkers are increased in a subject sample from a patient having ovarian cancer prior to therapy or surgery, when compared to the levels of these biomarkers from a post-surgery or post-therapy reference standard.

In another embodiment, the change in protein level of each biomarker can involve a decrease of a biomarker or multiple biomarkers in comparison to the specific reference standard. In one embodiment, the biomarkers are decreased in a subject sample from a patient having ovarian cancer following surgical removal of a tumor or following chemotherapy/radiation when compared to the levels of these biomarkers from a pre-surgery/pre-therapy ovarian cancer reference standard or a reference standard which is a sample obtained from the same subject pre-surgery or pre-therapy.

In still other embodiments, the changes in protein levels of the biomarkers may be altered in characteristic ways if the reference standard is a particular type of ovarian cancer, e.g., serous, epithelial, mucinous or clear cell, or if the reference standard is derived from benign ovarian cysts or nodules.

The results of the methods and use of the compositions described herein may be used in conjunction with clinical risk factors to help physicians make more accurate decisions about how to manage patients with ovarian cancers. Another advantage of these methods and compositions is that diagnosis may occur earlier than with more invasive diagnostic measures.

D. Alternative Assay Embodiments

In an alternative embodiment, the method of diagnosis or risk of diagnosis involves using the nucleic acid hybridizing reagent ligands described above to detect a significant change in expression level of the subject's sample biomarker or biomarkers from that in a reference standard or reference expression profile which indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject. These methods may be performed in other biological samples, e.g., biopsy tissue samples, tissue removed by surgery, or tumor cell samples, including circulating tumor cells isolated from the blood, to detect or analyze a risk of developing an ovarian cancer, as well as a diagnosis of same. Such methods are also known in the art and include contacting a sample obtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent comprising a ligand which is a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a biomarker or biomarker combination described herein, e.g., CLIC4 and/or multiple TPM proteins, said ligand associated with a detectable label or with a substrate. Thereafter one would detect or measure in the sample or from an expression profile generated from the sample, the expression levels of one or more of the biomarkers or ratios thereof. The expression level(s) of the biomarker(s) in the subject's sample or from an expression profile or ratio of multiple said biomarkers are then compared with the expression level of the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference standard. A significant change in expression level of the subject's sample biomarker or biomarkers from that in the reference standard indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject.

Suitable assay methods include methods based on hybridization analysis of polynucleotides, methods based on sequencing of polynucleotides, proteomics-based methods or immunochemistry techniques. The most commonly used methods known in the art for the quantification of mRNA expression in a sample include northern blotting and in situ hybridization; RNAse protection assays; and PCR-based methods, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or qPCR. Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can recognize specific DNA-protein duplexes. The methods described herein are not limited by the particular techniques selected to perform them. Exemplary commercial products for generation of reagents or performance of assays include TRI-REAGENT, Qiagen RNeasy mini-columns, MASTERPURE Complete DNA and RNA Purification Kit (EPICENTRE®, Madison, Wis.), Paraffin Block RNA Isolation Kit (Ambion, Inc.) and RNA Stat-60 (Tel-Test), the MassARRAY-based method (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), differential display, amplified fragment length polymorphism (iAFLP), and BeadArray™ technology (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.) using the commercially available Luminex 100 LabMAP system and multiple color-coded microspheres (Luminex Corp., Austin, Tex.) and high coverage expression profiling (HiCEP) analysis.

The comparison of the quantitative or relative expression levels of the biomarkers may be done analogously to that described above for the comparison of protein levels of biomarkers.

E. Non-Ligand-Based Analysis

In another aspect, a method for diagnosing or detecting or monitoring the progress of ovarian cancer in a subject involves non-ligand based methods, such as mass spectrometry. For example, proteins in a biological sample obtained from a test subject may be contacted with a chemical or enzymatic agent and the proteins, including the biomarkers contained therein fragmented in the sample. The digested sample or portions thereof are injected into a mass spectrometer and the protein levels or ratios of one or more of the biomarker or biomarker combinations described herein, optionally with other known biomarkers, modified molecular forms, peptides and unique peptides or ratios thereof, are quantitatively identified or measured by mass spectrometry. The protein levels of the biomarkers in the subject's sample are then compared with the level of the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference standard or to a predetermined cutoff derived from the reference standard. In one embodiment, the agent is a proteolytic enzyme. In another embodiment, the agent is trypsin.

A significant change in protein level of the subject's sample biomarker or biomarkers from that in the reference standard or from a predetermined cutoff indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject.

Thus, the various methods, devices and steps described above can be utilized in an initial diagnosis of ovarian cancer or other ovarian condition, as well as in clinical management of patients with ovarian cancer after initial diagnosis. Uses in clinical management of the various devices, reagents and assay methods, include without limitation, monitoring for reoccurrence of disease or monitoring remission or progression of the cancer and either before, during or after therapeutic or surgical intervention, selecting among therapeutic protocols for individual patients, monitoring for development of toxicity or other complications of therapy, and predicting development of therapeutic resistance.

In one embodiment, the method involves enriching the biomarker protein or one or more peptides produced by specific proteolysis in the sample by contacting the sample with an antibody prior to injecting into a mass spectrometer in a manner analogous to a capture antibody in a conventional sandwich ELISA. In another embodiment, the method involves depleting the sample of non-target proteins prior to injecting sample into a mass spectrometer. The depletion may also be performed using antibodies to the non-targets. The method described herein may use liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry, such as HPLC. One such method is described in detail in the Examples below.

F. Illustrative Embodiments

In one embodiment, a method for diagnosing or detecting or monitoring the progress of ovarian cancer in a subject comprises contacting a sample obtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent or device comprising a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, or unique peptide fragment or nucleic acid fragment thereof. Thereafter, the method involves detecting or measuring in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample, the protein levels of the CLIC4 biomarker. Another step includes comparing the protein levels of the CLIC4 biomarker in the subject's with the level of the same biomarker in a reference standard. A significant change in protein level of the subject's sample from that in the reference standard indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject.

In another aspect, the method comprises detecting or measuring in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample, the protein levels of one or more additional ovarian cancer biomarkers; and comparing the protein levels of the CLIC4 biomarker in relation to the levels of the additional biomarkers in the subject's sample with the same biomarkers in a reference standard or profile.

In another aspect, the method uses as a reference standard a mean, an average, a numerical mean or range of numerical means, a numerical pattern, a ratio, a graphical pattern or a protein level profile derived from the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference subject or reference population. In certain embodiments, the change in protein level of each biomarker comprises an increase in comparison to said reference or control or a decrease in comparison to said reference or control.

Use of such methods permits early diagnosis of disease, monitoring relapse after initial diagnosis and treatment, predicting clinical outcome, or determining the best clinical treatment.

IV. EXAMPLES

As discussed in detail in the examples below, it was discovered that a single member of the chloride intracellular channel proteins, CLIC4, which is expressed from a related but different gene than CLIC1, was readily and with great sensitivity, detectable in ovarian cancer patient sera. In additional aspects, related tropomyosin proteins expressed from a gene other than the gene expressing TPM1 and its isoforms, were also detectable in ovarian cancer patent sera. A multiplexed, label-free multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assay was established to target peptides specific to the detected CLIC and TPM biomarkers, and were quantitated for ovarian cancer patients, patients with benign disease, and normal donors. In addition to CLIC1 and TPM1, which were biomarker proteins discovered in a xenograft mouse model (see PCT/US12/54136, cited above), CLIC4, TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4 were present in ovarian cancer patient sera at significantly elevated levels compared with controls. These additional biomarkers may be superior to the previously identified biomarkers at discriminating between cancer and noncancer patients.

The invention is now described with reference to the following examples. These examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only and the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to these examples but rather should be construed to encompass any and all variations that become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.

Example 1: Materials and Methods

A. Human Serum Collection and Processing

Sera from patients with benign ovarian tumors and from late-stage ovarian cancer patients were collected at the University of Turin, Turin, Italy, at the time of diagnosis and have been previously described (Tang et al, 2012, cited above). Control serum samples were collected from healthy, post-menopausal female donors at The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa. All specimens were processed in compliance with Institutional Review Board (IRB) and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requirements. Control and patient serum samples were processed for MS analysis either individually or as pools, as previously described.′ Dithiothreitol (DTT) was obtained from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, N.J.); and iodoacetamide from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.).

B. LC-MS/MS of Patient Sample Pools

To identify all CLIC and TPM isoforms that could be detected in ovarian cancer patient sera, label-free comparisons of pooled sera were performed. One pool of serum from benign patients and three pools of advanced ovarian cancer patient serum samples were made. Serum pools were immunodepleted, separated on a 1D SDS gel for 4 cm, sliced into 40 fractions, and digested with trypsin (sequencing-grade, modified trypsin from Promega, Madison, Wis.) as described in Tang et al, 2012, cited above and incorporated herein by reference). Tryptic digests were analyzed using an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) connected to a NanoACQUITY UPLC system (Waters, Milford, Mass.). Peptides were eluted at 200 nL/min using a 229 min gradient consisting of 5-28% B over 168 min, 28-50% B over 51.5 min, 50-80% B over 5 min, 80% B for 4.5 min, before returning to 5% B over 0.5 min. A short blank gradient was run before injecting the next sample. The mass spectrometer was set to scan m/z from 400 to 2000. The full MS scan was collected at 60,000 resolution in the Orbitrap in profile mode followed by data-dependent MS/MS scans on the six-most-abundant ions exceeding a minimum threshold of 1000, collected in the linear trap. Monoisotopic precursor selection was enabled and charge-state screening was enabled to reject z=1 ions. Ions subjected to MS/MS were excluded from repeated analysis for 60 s.

C. Data Processing

MS/MS spectra were extracted and searched using the SEQUEST algorithm (v. 28, rev. 13, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.) in Bioworks (v. 3.3.1, Thermo Scientific) against the human UniRef100 protein sequence database (v. June 2011) plus common contaminants. A decoy database was produced by reversing the protein sequence of each database entry, and the entire reversed database was appended in front of the forward database. Spectra were searched with a partial tryptic constraint with up to two missed cleavages, 100 ppm precursor mass tolerance, 1 Da fragment ion mass tolerance, static modification of Cys (+57.0215 Da), and variable modification of Methionine (+15.9949 Da). Common or shared protein lists were created using DTASelect (v. 2.0, licensed from Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif.).

The following filters were applied: remove proteins that are subsets of others, full tryptic constraint, a minimum of two peptides, mass accuracy ≤10 ppm, and ΔCn ≥0.05 (Wang, H et al., J Proteome Res 2011, 10, (11), 4993-5005). The peptide false discovery rate in the resulting dataset was less than 1%. Quantitative comparisons of all detected CLIC and TPM (related proteins from different genes and isoforms of a single gene) across serum pools were performed using Rosetta Elucidator software to compare peptide signal intensities in full MS scans. Retention time alignment, feature identification (discrete ion signals), feature extraction, and protein identifications were performed by the Elucidator system as previously described in Tang et al, 2012, Tang, et al, 2011; and Beer et al, 2011, all cited above.

D. Label-free MRM Analysis

MRM experiments were performed on a 5500 QTRAP hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX, Foster City, Calif.) interfaced with a NanoACQUITY UPLC system. Eight μL of tryptic digests were injected using the partial loop injection mode onto a UPLC Symmetry trap column (180 μm i.d.×2 cm packed with 5 μm C18 resin; Waters) and then separated by RP-HPLC on a BEH C18 nanocapillary analytical column (75 μm i.d.×25 cm, 1.7 μm particle size; Waters) at 45° C. Chromatography was performed with Solvent A, which contained Milli-Q water with 0.1% formic acid, and Solvent B, which contained HPLC-grade acetonitrile (Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, N.J.) and 0.1% formic acid. Peptides were eluted at 400 nL/min for 5-35% B over 24 min, 35% B for 3 min before returning to 5% B in 0.5 min.

To minimize sample carryover, a fast blank gradient was run between each sample. An identical reference sample was run at the beginning of each set of samples and was used to normalize variation in MRM signals caused by changes in performance of the HPLC, reverse phase column or mass spectrometer. MRM data were acquired with a spray voltage of 3300 V, curtain gas of 20 p.s.i., nebulizer gas of 10 p.s.i., interface heater temperature of 150° C., and a pause time of 3 ms. Multiple MRM transitions were monitored using unit resolution in both Q1 and Q3 quadrupoles to maximize specificity. Scheduled MRM was used to reduce the number of concurrent transitions and maximize the dwell time for each transition. The detection window was set at 3 min, and the target scan time was set at 1.8 s. Data analyses were performed using MultiQuant version 2.1 software (AB SCIEX). The most abundant transition for each peptide was used for quantitation unless interference from the matrix was observed. In these cases, another transition free of interference was chosen for quantitation.

E. Statistical Analyses

Serum levels of candidate biomarkers were compared across patient groups using the Mann-Whitney test, and Bonferroni-adjusted P-values were reported in scatter plots. Results were considered statistically significant if the Bonferroni-adjusted P-value of the test was less than 0.05. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to examine correlations among all tested tropomyosin peptides. For each candidate biomarker, a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was generated and the area under the curve was calculated to reflect biomarker specific potential sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing non-cancer and cancer patients.

Example 2: Ambiguities in Identification of EOC Candidate Biomarkers and Isoforms from Analysis of Xenograft Mouse Serum

We previously identified 106 human proteins with at least two peptides from the serum of a xenograft mouse model of human ovarian endometrioid cancer (TOV-112D tumors) using a gel based, multidimensional protein profiling strategy.²¹ In that study, GeLC-MRM quantitation of several candidate biomarkers in the 20-55 kDa region showed that CLIC1, PRDX6, and the mature form of CTSD were significantly elevated in ovarian cancer patients compared with noncancer (normal and benign disease) individuals.

Tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) isoform 6 was initially identified as a human protein in the xenograft mouse serum based upon the detection of two human-specific peptides and four peptides common to human and mouse. Changes of species specificity due to database updates was not a widespread problem, because reexamination of the species specificity of our previously identified putative human peptides revealed that only seven peptides (approximately 1%) were identical to new mouse entries in the 2011 database. Since both human and mouse TPM1 are also highly homologous (98 to 99% identical, depending on specific isoforms used for comparison), it is extremely challenging to distinguish between the two species.

The confident identification of specific biomarkers proteins within proteins families is often ambiguous when using shotgun proteomics, because protease digestion destroys the connectivity between proteins and detected peptides. Inferring the correct peptide-protein association is often confounded by the presence of shared peptides from homologous proteins that are not isoforms from the same gene, alternative splice variants, or redundant database entries (Nesvizhskii, A. I.; Aebersold, R., Mol Cell Proteomics 2005, 4, (10), 1419-40). But for MRM quantitation, it is important to accurately determine the peptide-protein relationship to ensure the correct form of a protein is being quantitated.

In order to determine all potential peptide-protein associations for the observed TPM peptides, each peptide identified in the xenograft mouse was searched against the human UniProtKB database (February, 2012) using the BLAST algorithm. All database entries containing the peptide sequence were identified and redundant entries were manually removed. When available, gene names associated with each database entry were also extracted (see Table 2).

TABLE 2 Peptides identified in TOV-112D xenograft mouse serum and human serum pools # Unique Database Sequence^(a) SEQ ID NO Entries Gene TPM1 Peptides Identified in Xenograft Mouse Serum ETAEADVASLN^(b) aa 43-53 of 6 TPM1 SEQ ID NO. 6 SLQEQADAAEER^(b), aa 16-27 of 7 TPM1 SEQ ID NO. 10 (K)LVIIESDLER^(b), aa 132-142 of 18 TPM1 SEQ ID NO: 10 MEIQEIQLK aa 105-113 of 38 TPM1, TPM3 SEQ ID NO. 6 IQLVEEELDR^(b), aa 43-53 of 43 TPM 1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 TPM1 Peptides Detected in Patient Serum Pools ETAEADVASLNR^(b) aa 43-54 of 6 TPM1 SEQ ID NO. 6 SLQEQADAAEER^(b), aa 16-27 of 7 TPM1 SEQ ID NO. 10 (K)LVIIESDLER^(b), aa 132-142 of 18 TPM1 SEQ ID NO. 6 MEIQEIQLK aa 105-113 of 38 TPM1, TPM3 SEQ ID NO. 6 (R)IQLVEEELDR^(b), aa 55-65 of 43 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 AELSEGQVR^(b) aa 147-155 of 10 TPM 1 SEQ ID NO: 10 YEEEIK^(c) aa 185-190 of 57 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 ATDAEADVASLNR^(c,d) 17 19 TPM1, TPM2 TPM2 Peptides Detected in Patient Serum Pools (K)LVILEGELER^(b) 18 11 TPM 2, TPM4 (R)IQLVEEELDR^(b) aa 55-65 of 43 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO: 10 TPM3, TPM4 ATDAEADVASLNR^(c) 17 19 TPM1, TPM2 MELQEMQLK 20 8 TPM2 SLMASEEEYSTK 21 3 TPM2 YEEEIK^(c), aa 185-190 of 57 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 EDKYEEEIK 22 31 TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 CGDLEEELK^(c) 23 6 TPM2, TPM4 TPM3 Peptides Detected in Patient Serum Pools (K)IQVLQQQADDAEER^(b), 24 16 TPM3 (R)IQLVEEELDR^(b), aa 55-65 of 43 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO: 10 TPM3, TPM4 MELQEIQLK 25 38 TPM1, TPM3 (K)LVIIEGDLER 26 19 TPM3 HIAEEADR 27 22 TPM3, TPM4 MLDQTLLDLNEM 28 12 TPM3 YEEEIK^(c), aa 185-190 of 57 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 EDKYEEEIK 22 31 TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 CLSAAEEK 29 14 TPM3 AADAEAEVASLNR 30 1 TPM3 TPM4 Peptides Detected in Patient Serum Pools (K)IQALQQQADEAEDR^(b) 31 3 TPM4 (K)LVILEGELER^(b) 18 11 TPM2, TPM4 EENVGLHQTLDQTLNEL 32 4 TPM4 NCI AEGDVAALNR^(b) 13 4 TPM4 MEIQEMQLK 33 2 TPM4 YSEKEDKYEEEIK 34 4 TPM4 CGDLEEELKc 23 6 TPM2, TPM4 (R)IQLVEEELDR^(b), aa 55-65 of 43 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO: 10 TPM3, TPM4 HIAEEADR 27 22 TPM3, TPM4 EKAEGDVAALNR 35 3 TPM4 YEEEIK^(c), aa 185-190 of 57 TPM1, TPM2, SEQ ID NO. 6 TPM3, TPM4 EDKYEEEIK 22 31 TPM2, TPM3, TPM4 TIDDLEEK 36 4 TPM4 ASDAEGDVAALNR 37 1 TPM4 NOTES ^(a)Detected peptides shared by multiple gene products are listed under all matching proteins. Underlined sequences were identified as human in the UniProtKB 2007 database, but also matched a mouse homolog in a later database ^(b)Peptide targeted for MRM. Successful quantitation. ^(c)Peptide targeted for MRM. Unsuccessful quantitation. ^(d)This peptide is not present in the group of TPM 1 isoforms (FIG. 3) defined by peptides identified from the xenograft mouse serum.

These peptides, i.e., KLVIIESDLE, aa132-142 of SEQ ID NO: 10, LVIIESDLER, aa133-142 of SEQ ID NO: 10; M*EIQEIQLK, aa105-113 of SEQ ID NO. 6; ETAEADVASLNR, aa43-54 of SEQ ID NO. 6; IQLVEEELDR, aa 43-53 of SEQ ID NO:6; and SLQEQADAAEER, aa16-27 of SEQ ID NO: 10, show a great degree of ambiguity in peptide-protein association due to the large number of TPM family members and the number of known isoforms of several of the family members. Tropomyosin is encoded by four genes (TPM1 to TPM4), and each gene can further generate multiple isoforms by the use of alternative promoters and/or alternative RNA splicing. More than 40 distinct TPM family proteins and isoforms have been reported in vertebrates (Gunning, P. W et al, Trends Cell Biol 2005, 15, (6), 333-41; Choi, C et al, J Struct Biol 2012, 177, (1), 63-9). The TPM1 peptides identified from the xenograft model were initially assigned to TPM1 isoform 6 (Q7Z6L8) using the parsimony principle to explain all the identified peptides. While BLAST indicates TPM1 is present, the exact TPM1 isoform cannot be ascertained, and the presence of the related proteins, TPM2, TPM3, or TPM4 or the isoforms thereof, cannot be excluded and should be considered.

Example 3: Biomarker Proteins Detectable in Patient Serum Pools that Correlate with EOC

A. Tropomyosin Family Biomarkers

The tropomyosins are a family of actin filament-binding proteins that have a well-defined central role in regulating muscle contraction and cytoskeletal organization in non-muscle cells. Decreased expression of specific tropomyosin isoforms is commonly associated with the transformed phenotype and has been reported for cancer cells and tissues, including EOC (Helfman, D. M. et al, Adv Exp Med Biol 2008, 644, 124-31; Raval, G. N. et al, Oncogene 2003, 22, (40), 6194-203 and Chow, S. N et al, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2010, 31, (1), 55-62). The serological level of tropomyosin is not well studied, although high plasma levels of TPM4 have been associated with asbestos exposure, and increased levels of tropomyosin serum antibodies were observed in colorectal cancer patients.

To determine which TPM family protein or isoform is/are detectable in ovarian cancer patient serum, we used an ovarian patient serum protein dataset from in-depth GeLC-MS/MS analysis of the 20-55 kDa region of one benign and three different late-stage ovarian cancer patient immunoaffinity depleted serum pools.

In the case of TPM1, one new TPM1-specific peptide and two shared peptides were discovered in the patient serum in addition to previously identified TPM1 isoform peptides from the xenograft mouse serum (See FIG. 3 , Table 1 and Table 3). Table 3 shows high confidence biomarker proteins/peptides detected in patient sera.

TABLE 3 (Part 1) Seq. Spectrum # Uniprot ID Name Description Count Count 1 O00299 CLIC1 Chloride intracellular 12 67 channel protein 1 1a Q53FB0 CLIC1 Chloride intracellular 12 67 channel 1 variant 2 Q9Y696 CLIC4 Chloride intracellular 10 24 channel protein 4 3a Q1ZYL5 TPM1 Tropomyosin 1 alpha variant 9 94 6 3b B7Z596 cDNA FLJ55130, highly 9 94 similar to Rattus norvegicus tropomyosin 1, alpha (Tpm1), transcript variant 8, mRNA 4a UR1H_P07951 TPM2 Tropomyosin beta chain 9 125 4b UR1H_Q5TCU3 TPM2 Tropomyosin 2 (beta) 9 125 4c UR1H_Q5TCU8 TPM2 Tropomyosin 2 (beta) 9 125 5a P07951-2 TPM2 Isoform 2 of Tropomyosin 9 107 beta chain 5b A7XZE4 TPM2 Beta Troppomyosin isoform 9 107 6 P06753 TPM3 Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain 9 77 7a Q5VU59 TPM3 Tropomyosin-3 12 112 7b Q5HYB6 TPM3 DKFZp686J1372 12 112 7c B2RDE1 TPM3 cDNA, FLJ96568 12 112 7d E2RB38 TPM3 Uncharacterized protein 12 112 8 P67936 TPM4 Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain 16 243 9 P67936-2 TPM4 Isoform 2 of Tropomyosin 13 149 alpha-4 chain (Part 2) Seq # Coverage MolWt pI ObsM + H+ Ppm z XCorr DeltCN SpR 1 67.7 26923 5.2 1932.9794 3.1 2 4.4164 0.4663 1 1a 67.7 27015 5.2 1281.67 1.3 2 4.0828 0.3965 1 1844.9752 0 2 4.3773 0.5176 1 2992.3948 1.4 3 5.7564 0.546 1 1328.6461 1.6 2 3.3785 0.4031 1 1095.6344 0.2 2 2.4544 0.1432 1 1065.6228 5.9 2 2.3876 0.0719 1 2573.1345 4.3 2 3.7106 0.3711 1 2061.072 1.7 3 3.2149 0.2172 2 1572.8121 2 2 2.8708 0.1944 1 1078.5076 −2.1 2 2.2701 0.16 6 957.4788 −0.1 2 2.0529 0.062 13 2 52.6 28772 5.6 1264.7158 0.9 2 3.8998 0.3919 1 2595.1702 1.8 3 4.4279 0.3832 1 1385.6783 1.1 3 3.8417 0.2936 1 1223.6191 3.1 2 3.0191 0.2578 1 1079.6346 2.3 2 2.66 0.1121 1 1313.5336 1.7 2 2.695 0.2585 1 1602.8118 2.2 2 2.3922 0.2966 1 1966.9231 −0.9 2 2.6045 0.239 1 1588.8486 1.1 3 2.2303 0.1033 81 1533.7018 1 2 1.9489 0.0741 34 3a 28.6 28509 4.8 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 3b 25.5 31753 4.9 1346.6198 1.1 2 3.8906 0.3488 1 1186.6775 8.3 2 2.8985 0.1839 1 1147.6036 0.8 2 3.3535 0.1265 1 1275.6222 3.7 2 3.696 0.3306 1 1314.7639 0.9 3 3.8858 0.3198 1 988.5064 0.6 2 2.6379 0.1755 1 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 4a 21.8 32851 4.7 1298.7697 1.4 3 4.5416 0.2826 1 4b 21.8 32815 4.7 1170.6774 3.9 2 3.6614 0.2594 1 4c 19.3 36747 4.8 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 1332.6372 −1.3 2 3.5477 0.261 1 1181.5554 1.2 2 2.9144 0.1323 3 1092.4814 −5.8 2 3.0957 0.1527 2 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 5a 22.9 32990 4.7 1298.7697 1.4 3 4.5416 0.2826 1 5b 22.9 33026 4.7 1170.6774 3.9 2 3.6614 0.2594 1 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 1332.6372 −1.3 2 3.5477 0.261 1 1181.5554 1.2 2 2.9144 0.1323 3 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 1390.6013 −2.1 2 2.326 0.3071 1 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 6 21.5 32819 4.7 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 1147.6036 0.8 2 3.3535 0.1265 1 1284.7534 0.9 3 3.5549 0.2933 1 1156.6655 7.2 2 3.2166 0.1613 2 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 940.4491 0.8 2 2.3445 0.1573 1 1316.6499 4.4 3 3.194 0.0726 2 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 7a 35.8 27175 4.8 1642.8102 4.3 2 5.1395 0.4843 1 7b 35.8 27176 4.7 1770.897 −0.6 3 4.6197 0.4128 1 7c 33.5 29018 4.8 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 7d 33.5 29033 4.8 1147.6036 0.8 2 3.3535 0.1265 1 1284.7534 0.9 3 3.5549 0.2933 1 1156.6655 7.2 2 3.2166 0.1613 2 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 940.4491 0.8 2 2.3445 0.1573 1 1467.6772 4.6 2 2.864 0.2482 2 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 907.4202 1.4 2 1.7519 0.0886 33 8 46.8 28522 4.7 1614.7726 0.5 2 4.8416 0.5205 1 1742.8723 3.2 3 5.3142 0.4742 1 1298.7697 1.4 3 4.5416 0.2826 1 2340.1206 3 2 5.717 0.2539 1 1170.6774 3.9 2 3.6614 0.2594 1 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 1015.5159 −0.8 2 3.1643 0.3492 1 1181.5554 1.2 2 2.9144 0.1323 3 1689.7849 −0.3 3 3.9281 0.2333 1 1092.4814 −5.8 2 3.0957 0.1527 2 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 940.4491 0.8 2 2.3445 0.1573 1 1272.659 3.7 3 3.0739 0.2454 11 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 962.4657 −2.1 2 1.5493 0.0793 90 9 35.9 32723 4.7 1298.7697 1.4 3 4.5416 0.2826 1 2340.1206 3 2 5.717 0.2539 1 1170.6774 3.9 2 3.6614 0.2594 1 1243.6528 0 2 3.6574 0.283 1 1181.5554 1.2 2 2.9144 0.1323 3 1689.7849 −0.3 3 3.9281 0.2333 1 1092.4814 −5.8 2 3.0957 0.1527 2 1399.7528 −0.9 3 3.3619 0.2539 11 1288.6102 −1.9 2 2.8922 0.1827 1 940.4491 0.8 2 2.3445 0.1573 1 810.3899 2.3 2 1.8363 0.0982 13 1182.5557 2.7 2 2.3489 0.1214 35 962.4657 −2.1 2 1.5493 0.0793 90

TABLE 3 (Part 3) No Sequence ^(b) SEQ ID NO. 1a K.FLDGNELTLADCNLLPK.L 38 1b K.GVTFNVTTVDTK.R 39 K.LAALNPESNTAGLDIF AK.F 40 K.VLDNYLTSPLPEEVDETS 41 AEDEGVSQR.K K.NSNPALNDNLEK.G 42 K.LHIVQVVCK.K 43 R.LFM*VLWLK.G 44 R.EEFASTCPDDEEIELAYEQVAK.A 45 R.KFLDGNELTLADCNLLPK.L 46 K.IEEFLEAVLCPPR.Y 47 K.IGNCPFSQR.L 48 R.YLSNAYAR.E 49 2 KGVVFSVTTVDLK.R aa 48-61 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.LDEYLNSPLPDEIDE aa 150-173 of NSM*EDIK.F SEQ ID NO: 1 K.NSRPEANEALER.G aa 130-143 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.EVEIAYSDVAK.R aa 237-250 of SEQ ID NO: 1 R.LFM*ILWLK.G^(c) aa 40-49 of SEQ ID NO: 1 R.DEFTNTCPSDK.E aa 227-239 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.IEEFLEEVLCPPK.Y aa 90-104 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.FLDGNEM*TLADCNLLPK.L aa 177-195 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.EEDKEPLIELFVK.A aa 11-25 of SEQ ID NO: 1 K.HPESNTAGM*DIFAK.F aa 1 10-125 of SEQ ID NO: 1 3a R.IQLVEEELDR.A 50 3b R.SLQEQADAA EER.A aa 15-28 of SEQ ID NO: 10 K.LVIIESDLER.A aa 132-143 of SEQ ID NO: 10 K.M*EIQEIQLK.E aa 104-114 of SEQ ID NO. 6 R. ETAEADVASLNR.R aa 42-55 of SEQ ID NO. 6 R.KLVIIESDLER.A aa 131-143 of SEQ ID NO: 10 R.AELSEGQVR.Q aa 147-156 of SEQ ID NO: 10 R.RIQLVEEELDR.A 51 R.YEEEIK.V aa 184-191 of SEQ ID NO. 6 4a R.KLVILEGELER.S 19 4b K.LVILEGELER.S 52 4c R.IQLVEEELDR.A 50 K.ATDAE ADV ASLNR.R 53 K.M*ELQEM*QLK.E 54 K.CGDLEEELK.I 55 R.RIQLVEEELDR.A 51 K.YEEEIK.L 56 K.EDKYEEEIK.L 58 5a R.KLVILEGELER.S 19 5b K.LVILEGELER.S 52 R.IQLVEEELDR.A 50 K.ATDAEADVASLNR.R 53 K.M*ELQEM*QLK.E 54 R.RIQLVEEELDR.A 51 K.SLM*ASEEEYSTK.E 57 K.YEEEIK.L 56 K.EDKYEEEIK.L 58 6 R.IQLVEEELDR.A 50 KM*ELQEIQLK.E 59 R.KLVIIEGDLER.T 60 K.LVIIEGDLER.T 61 R.RIQLVEEELDR.A 51 K.HIAEEADR.K 62 K.AA DAEAEVASLNR.R 63 K.YEEEIK.I 64 K.EDKYEEEIK.I 65 7a KIQVLQQQADDAEERA 66 7b RKIQVLQQQADDAEER.A 67 7c RIQLVEEELDR.A 50 7d KM*ELQEIQLKE 68 RKLVIIEGDLER T 60 K.LVIIEGDLER.T 61 RRIQLVEEELDRA 50 KHIAEEADRK 62 RM*LDQTLLDLNEM* 69 KYEEEIKI 64 K.EDKYEEEIK.I 65 KCLSAA EEKY 70 8 K.IQALQQQADEAEDRA 71 RKIQALQQQADEAEDR.A 72 RKLVILEGELERA 73 KEENVGLHQTLDQTLNELNCL 74 KLVILEGELERA aa 2-13 of SEQ ID NO: 73 RIQLVEEELDRA aa 2-14 of SEQ ID NO: 50 KAEGDVAA LNR.R aa 3-14 of SEQ ID NO: 75 K.M*EIQEM*QLK.E 76 K.YSEKEDKYEEEIK.L 77 K.CGDLEEELKN 78 R.RIQLVEEELDRA 50 K.HIAEEADRK 62 REKAEGDVAA LNR.R 75 K.YEEEIK.L 56 K.EDKYEEEIK.L 58 K.TIDDLEEK.L 79 9 RKLVILEGELERA 73 KEENVGLHQTLDQTLNELNCL 74 K.LVILEGELER.A aa 2-13 of SEQ ID NO: 73 R.IQLVEEELDR.A 50 K.M*EIQEM*QLK.E 76 K.YSEKEDKYEEEIK.L 77 K.CGDLEEELKN 78 R.RIQLVEEELDR.A 51 KASDAEGDVAA LNR.R 80 K.HIAEEADR.K 62 K.YEEEIK.L 56 K.EDKYEEEIK.L 58 K.TIDDLEEK.L 79 ^(*)All peptides mapping to listed protein isoforms are shown, i.e., peptides shared by multiple protein isoforms are listed for each of these multiple proteins. ^(b) Different forms of the same peptide (charge states and methionine oxidation) were collapsed and displayed as a single peptide. M* indicates methionine oxidation. ^(c)This peptide is also present in CLIC2, CLIC5, and CLIC6.

Based on the newly identified AELSEGQVR, AA147-155 of SEQ ID NO: 10, peptide, all observed peptides were contained within two TPM1 isoforms, TPM1 variant 6 (Q1ZYL5) or B7Z596. These two sequences share 80% identity and differ from each other at the C-terminus. Distinguishing between these isoforms was not feasible in this study due to the inability to detect any isoform-specific C-terminal peptides. Although no other TPM1 isoforms or TPM family members were conclusively identified in human serum, their presence cannot be ruled out. But the failure to detect any unique peptides to other TPM family members or TPM1 isoforms suggests they are either not present or are present in much lower abundance in human serum.

The TPM family proteins and/or their isoforms identified in the patient sera were quantitated by summing MS intensities for all peptides unique to a specific gene product (see FIGS. 1A through 1D). There was evidence of protein products for all four TPM genes and the expressed related gene products showed elevated levels in EOC.

B. Chloride Ion Channel Protein Biomarkers

Two CLIC family proteins were identified in the patient sera and were quantitated by summing MS intensities for all peptides unique to a specific gene product (see FIGS. 1E and 1F). The previously identified CLIC1 was confirmed to be both detected and elevated in ovarian cancer patient serum compared to benign disease.

Another CLIC family member protein CLIC4 was newly identified in the ovarian cancer patient sera. CLIC4 is a multifunctional protein that has been shown to be highly expressed in ovarian cancer stroma and may play an important role in cancer development (Yao, Q et al., Oncol Rep 2009, 22, (3), 541-8; Shukla, A.; Yuspa, S. H., Nucleus 2010, 1, (2), 144-9). CLIC4 was detected by nine specific peptides and showed elevated levels in ovarian cancer patient sera, suggesting that it was an EOC biomarker. The observation of CLIC4 in ovarian cancer patient sera raised the question as to why human CLIC1 had been previously identified in the xenograft mouse serum, but CLIC4 had not been detected.

Examination of this data showed that CLIC4 was identified by four peptides, all peptides identical to mouse sequences, i.e., K.GVVFSVTTVDLK.R, aa48-61 of SEQ ID NO: 1; K.HPESNTAGM*DIFAK.F, aa110-125 of SEQ ID NO: 1; K.LDEYLNSPLPDEIDENSM*EDIK.F, aa150-173 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and R.KPADLQNLAPGTHPPFITFNSEVK.T, aa61-86 of SEQ ID NO: 1. This is not surprising, as the human and mouse CLIC4 sequences are 99% identical (See FIG. 2A and Table 4). While distinguishing between mouse and human CLIC4 is very difficult, this problem is limited to the xenograft mouse model. In contrast, distinguishing the different CLIC family proteins, e.g., gene products, in human serum is more straightforward, as the sequence homologies of the four CLIC genes with similar molecular weights are somewhat lower. Specifically, the two CLIC family proteins detected, CLIC1 and CLIC4, share 67% identity. Hence, most CLIC peptides observed in the xenograft mouse serum and in patient serum pools were unique to either CLIC1 or CLIC4 (see FIG. 2B).

Example 4: Development of MRM Assays for Quantitation of CLIC4 and TPM Isoforms

CLIC and TPM biomarker protein levels in individual serum samples that included control serum samples (six normal and nine benign) and late-stage cancer samples (15 Stage III and 3 Stage IV) were determined using GeLC-MRM, essentially as previously described in Tang et al 2012, cited above. Peptides were selected based on their isoform specificity and signal intensity in MRM analysis using a 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer. Peptide candidates for MRM were derived from a combination of the LCMS/MS analyses reported above and all human plasma/serum LC-MS/MS proteomic analyses that had been performed in this laboratory.

In the case of CLIC4, selection of MRM peptides was relatively straightforward because no major isoform issues were encountered with the identified peptides (FIG. 2B). Inclusion of peptides identified from other serum proteome analyses allowed selection of peptides with the strongest MRM signal. For example, the CLIC4 peptide, YLTNAYSR, aa220-227 of SEQ ID NO: 1, was found to produce a stronger MRM signal than some of the peptides discovered in this analysis and was therefore used for MRM quantitation (See Tables 4 and 5). Table 4 shows MRM peak areas for CLIC4 peptides, which have been normalized and averaged in individual samples as an indication of the protein abundance level.

TABLE 4 CLIC4 CLIC4 CLIC4 NSRPEANEALER, YLTNAYSR EVEIAYSDVAK, CLIC4 aa 131-142 of SEQ aa220-227 of aa 139-249 of SEQ Norm & Sample # ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 ID NO: 1 Avg Normal WCS02  71938 75784 5917 0.171 Normal WCS04  71504 94424 13193 0.214 Normal WCS12  58303 67969 5269 0.146 Normal WCS13  92896 92885 21819 0.268 Normal WCS14 133409 130748 38618 0.410 Normal WCSI5  90830 100865 28662 0.298 Benign B23 106848 144779 28506 0.355 Benign B25  93943 128049 23848 0.308 Benign B70 142389 164356 28363 0.412 Benign B77 180776 242906 75215 0.699 Benign B79 121455 162778 39150 0.427 Benign B80 233045 287533 87063 0.841 Benign B81 125616 150244 36499 0.411 Benign B82 162386 269199 41618 0.578 Benign B83 120162 217288 50882 0.518 Cancer T455 361477 343172 106250 1.106 Cancer T474 444226 449309 98203 1.264 Cancer T475 205961 249565 36565 0.590 Cancer T476 120474 170584 22532 0.371 Cancer T478 236002 254455 93543 0.839 Cancer T482 380003 516406 80345 1.187 Cancer T536 443069 340463 308048 1.942 Cancer T539 249682 306233 49728 0.739 Cancer T541  87267 113303 17938 0.266 Cancer T543 107946 206527 44406 0.471 Cancer T553 41$869 618499 114770 1.446 Cancer T556 959630 1244493 256878 3.143 Cancer T557 266741 378642 60233 0.862 Cancer T577 176341 183183 41724 0.516 Cancer T600 360817 393236 87364 1.080 Cancer T602 167445 266095 68203 0.679 Cancer T603 257545 473664 89399 1.045 Cancer T604 114903 174142 46015 0.455 Cancer T455 361477 343172 106250 1.106

Table 5 shows MRM peak areas for CLIC1 peptides normalized and averaged in individual samples as an indication of the protein abundance level.

TABLE 5 CLIC1 CLIC1 CLIC1 GVTFNVTTVDTK, LAALNPESNTAG NSNPALNDNLEK, CLIC1 aa38-49 of SEQ ID LDIFAK, aa96-113 aal20-131 of SEQ Norm & Sample # NO: 3 of SEQ ID NO: 3 ID NO: 3 Avg Normal WCS02 112466 46620 67000 0.099 Normal WCS04 201327 82090 148050 0.190 Normal WCS12 33884 30160 51100 0.054 Normal WCS13 28858 32810 30770 0.044 Normal WCS14 164134 155000 173700 0.230 Normal WCS15 104943 85700 87400 0.128 Benign B23 143772 113800 131900 0.179 Benign B25 105300 27596 58447 0.082 Benign B70 210921 194300 220300 0.313 Benign B77 680255 387400 491200 0.704 Benign B79 452783 340500 393500 0.544 Benign B80 754653 168561 528925 0.623 Benign B81 168894 56262 137171 0.159 Benign B82 1367992 623771 1039990 1.347 Benign B83 549811 153388 395116 0.476 Cancer T455 980711 546125 697954 0.999 Cancer T474 819310 351580 518150 0.745 Cancer T475 286624 205100 204300 0.318 Cancer T476 414920 306150 290460 0.463 Cancer T478 485804 298830 183150 0.435 Cancer T482 2816690 2008424 2505141 3.373 Cancer T536 1178896 964000 1143310 1.516 Cancer T539 651564 398980 428100 0.667 Cancer T541 49917 27680 36000 0.051 Cancer T543 511810 232600 314500 0.469 Cancer T553 1993369 1119800 1503310 2.076 Cancer T556 2808408 2207100 2532200 3.472 Cancer T557 651252 444800 440800 0.699 Cancer T577 346698 214500 277400 0.380 Cancer T600 567452 358500 471000 0.633 Cancer T602 455781 280500 317400 0.476 Cancer T603 771899 505560 620200 0.862 Cancer T604 280053 204600 316300 0.367

Selecting appropriate peptides for MRM quantitation of TPM1 isoforms and TPM family proteins in general, and TPM1 specifically, was more complicated due to the large number of TPM family members and isoforms. While TPM1 variant 6 (or isoform B7Z596) was clearly identified in the human serum samples, other TPM1 isoforms also could be present (See FIG. 3 ). Therefore, AELSEGQVR, aa147-155 of SEQ ID NO: 10, which was specific to TPM1v6, and three other peptides shared by several TPM1 isoforms and other TPM family members were used for MRM quantitation (see Table 1, and Table 6). Table 6 shows MRM peak areas for TPM1 peptides normalized and averaged in individual samples as an indication of the protein abundance level.

TABLE 6 TPM1v6 TPM1v6 TPM1v6 TPM1v6 LVIIESDLER, AELSEGQVR ETAEADVAS SLQEQADA aa133-142 of aa147-155 of LNR, aa43-54 AEER, aa16- TPM1v6 SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: of SEQ ID 27 of SEQ ID Norm& Sample # 10 10 NO. 6 NO: 10 Avg Normal WCS02 27232 74344 20979 11989 0.142 Normal WCS04 8305 80477 13397 9571 0.089 Normal WCS12 2975 54062 9440 6603 0.056 Normal WCS13 4094 41958 0 4239 0.033 Normal WCS14 44163 149293 40975 35597 0.287 Normal WCS15 11741 63033 15414 9777 0.093 Benign B23 47853 257616 51054 38261 0.357 Benign B25 14674 123609 30139 23165 0.175 Benign B70 46999 382365 66409 43960 0.440 Benign B77 101250 492555 105122 72337 0.713 Benign B79 50274 251060 48504 38126 0.355 Benign B80 145616 872565 306980 196336 1.542 Benign B81 45480 275283 60738 47356 0.395 Benign B82 53860 368472 128792 84337 0.638 Benign B83 56220 197314 86720 62744 0.500 Cancer T455 67782 428888 90666 64820 0.583 Cancer T474 181863 1122884 207117 179329 1.506 Cancer T475 50783 255305 45158 34454 0.344 Cancer T476 119220 523437 163132 86059 0.885 Cancer T478 120774 500688 118103 98305 0.832 Cancer T482 71530 313303 43307 31577 0.398 Cancer T536 431057 1930569 410941 320850 2.941 Cancer T539 104008 533374 123592 91636 0.806 Cancer T541 0 31284 0 0 0.012 Cancer T543 56020 257055 57840 44155 0.397 Cancer T553 209330 1191620 294342 236825 1.854 Cancer T556 279781 1873212 438823 361745 2.754 Cancer T557 140328 662386 164727 117159 1.048 Cancer T577 25267 233927 50457 44460 0.316 Cancer T600 69940 417227 96263 70731 0.605 Cancer T602 50571 210865 65650 51836 0.399 Cancer T603 234813 1190812 242276 167008 1.667 Cancer T604 57236 423975 125785 80801 0.652

We also attempted to target TPM2, TPM3, and TPM4, as products of these genes were also identified in the GeLC-MS/MS analysis of patient serum pools (Table 3). Of course, as is typically the case, strong, consistent, interference-free MRM signals could not be obtained for all desired peptides. The final MRM assay contained one peptide specific to TPM3, two peptides specific to TPM4, one peptide shared by TPM2 and TPM4, and one peptide shared by all four TPM genes (See Table 1 and Table 7). Table 7 shows MRM peak areas for TPM3 and TPM4 peptides normalized and averaged in individual samples as an indication of the protein abundance level.

TABLE 7 TPM3 TPM4 TPM4 TPM4 IQVLQQQADDAEER, TPM3 IQALQQQADEAEDR, AEGDVAALNR, KLVILEGELER, TPM4 SEQ Norm& SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID Norm& Sample # ID NO: 12 Avg NO: 14 NO: 13 NO: 18 Avg Normal WCS02 37607 0.116 66530 657724 630468 0.110 Normal WCS04 62540 0.192 57080 425479 419663 0.079 Normal WCS12 11573 0.036 13120 179765 212806 0.030 Normal WCS13 0 0.000 0 70176 140492 0.012 Normal WCS14 44708 0.137 18371 173740 238804 0.034 Normal WCS15 23374 0.072 21477 215144 266941 0.039 Benign B23 50826 0.156 92784 769719 861540 0.144 Benign B25 31580 0.097 64680 592048 641548 0.106 Benign B70 215328 0.661 203602 1962777 1862029 0.331 Benign B77 205003 0.630 455168 3475540 3751568 0.660 Benign B79 113763 0.349 173730 1258455 1590148 0.257 Benign B80 651126 2.000 1431956 10630968 9275897 1.913 Benign B81 135085 0.415 167413 269426 1290576 0.237 Benign B82 533252 1.638 85394 681075 841789 0.134 Benign B83 210727 0.647 216592 1631897 1912271 0.320 Cancer T455 181883 0.559 329762 3198211 3703179 0.517 Cancer T474 385261 1.183 1033082 8868498 8154397 1.539 Cancer T475 78718 0.242 138849 1355419 1412261 0.235 Cancer T476 287108 0.882 740508 7091117 6861693 1.207 Cancer T478 163723 0.503 327030 2662922 2613253 0.480 Cancer T482 114583 0.352 264911 2633676 2720894 0.453 Cancer T536 876097 2.691 1796201 16550308 16225609 2.863 Cancer T539 249410 0.766 492600 3835421 3916627 0.711 Cancer T541 0 0.000 7022 47530 49422 0.009 Cancer T543 147454 0.453 143235 1017944 977404 0.191 Cancer T553 909385 2.793 1389863 8780337 10176023 1.830 Cancer T556 1070392 3.288 2182304 16019177 17806655 3.116 Cancer T557 394944 1.213 729285 6244945 7007301 1.157 Cancer T577 66040 0.203 126311 872615 987295 0.174 Cancer T600 191799 0.589 466198 4198007 6027998 0.842 Cancer T602 69239 0.213 168912 1430173 1592082 0.265 Cancer T603 477013 1.465 1191352 10077129 11834475 1.908 Cancer T604 197319 0.606 346242 2351772 2126914 0.442

Table 8 shows MRM peak areas for the TPM common peptide normalized in individual samples as an indication of the protein abundance level.

TABLE 8 TPM TPM RIQLVEEELDR, SEQ Norm & Sample # ID NO: 16 Avg Normal WCS02 716335 0.114 Normal WCS04 680639 0.108 Normal WCS12 273406 0.043 Normal WCS13 121600 0.019 Normal WCS14 519755 0.083 Normal WCS15 444269 0.071 Benign B23 1018792 0.162 Benign B25 784378 0.125 Benign B70 2396858 0.381 Benign B77 4183895 0.065 Benign B79 1122745 0.274 Benign B80 12378679 1.967 Benign B81 1384354 0.220 Benign B82 3515417 0.559 Benign B83 2601924 0.413 Cancer T455 3561471 0.566 Cancer T474 9345962 1.485 Cancer T475 1536987 0.244 Cancer T476 7037409 1.118 Cancer T478 3371869 0.536 Cancer T482 2992930 0.476 Cancer T536 17007129 2.702 Cancer T539 4446598 0.706 Cancer T541 148179 0.024 Cancer T543 1574956 0.250 Cancer T553 13973974 2.220 Cancer TS56 19572892 3.110 Cancer T557 6989658 1.111 Cancer T577 1159454 0.184 Cancer T600 5455926 0.867 Cancer T602 1665550 0.265 Cancer T603 10720865 1.703 Cancer T604 2728471 0.434

Example 5: Quantitation of TPM and CLIC Isoforms in Patient Serum Samples

GeLC-MRM quantitation of the CLIC and TPM peptides and normalized protein values for individual patient samples are summarized in Tables 3-8. TPM peptide amounts were graphically compared across all serum samples as a first-level test of potential differences across patients in peptides specific for certain isoforms and those shared by multiple isoforms both within the TPM1 isoform group and across related gene products (See Table 3).

Similarly, the protein levels (normalized and averaged peptides values) across patient samples were compared as shown in FIG. 4 . All the peptides monitored displayed similar quantitative profiles, although some minor variations were observed in some samples (See FIG. 4 and Table 3). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient analysis showed that all tropomyosin peptides analyzed here are highly correlated within each patient group with P-values<0.001 (data not shown), indicating a lack of evidence that specific tropomyosins differ from other family members and isoforms in being able to distinguish between ovarian cancer, benign disease, and normal donors. Also, if alternative TPM family proteins share some of the quantified peptides, their contribution is either minor or they track with the TPM proteins and isoforms quantitated here. Since the distribution of all tropomyosin peptides is similar, the peptide (K)LVILEGELER SEQ ID NO: 18 that is shared between TPM2 and TPM4 was assigned to TPM4 for the purpose of calculating the TPM4 protein level. In addition, factor analysis shows that all the tropomyosin proteins analyzed here are measuring the same factor (data not shown), which is consistent with the similar quantitative profiles shown in FIG. 4 .

These data show that multiple TPM related proteins and isoforms thereof are present in human serum. At least in the current cohort, fluctuations in abundance levels related to benign ovarian disease and ovarian cancer for TPM family members and their isoforms appear to change in concert. However, it is possible that certain TPM isoforms may be more selective for specific clinical applications such as monitoring responses to different therapies or disease reoccurrence. Tropomyosin proteins are also known to be modified by post-translational modifications such as acetylation and phosphorylation, and the influence of post-translationally modified forms in ovarian cancer diagnosis has not yet been tested.

GeLC-MRM quantitative results for CLIC1 and CLIC4 peptide and protein levels also are shown in Tables 6 and 5, respectively. As expected, since the same patient samples were used, CLIC1 results were similar, but not identical, to the previously reported results in Tang et al, 2012, cited above, for this protein. There was some moderate variation because the two sets of label-free measurements were performed at different times and on two different instruments. That is, previous analyses were performed on an AB SCIEX 4000 QTRAP and the current results were from an AB SCIEX 5500 QTRAP instrument. The CLIC1 measurements were repeated here to provide a direct comparison to the newly identified biomarker CLIC4. For both CLIC proteins, all peptides from the same protein showed similar distributions among the individual patient samples (data not shown), indicating that the MRM signals used for quantitation were derived from the same protein and quantitation was not appreciably affected by interfering signals.

Example 6: CLIC and TPM Biomarkers can Distinguish EOC from Non-Cancer Cases

The capacities of the CLIC and TPM biomarkers to distinguish EOC cases were assessed in several ways using the GeLC-MRM quantitation data (See, Tables 4-8). A two-way comparison between the non-cancer (normal and benign) and cancer groups using the Mann-Whitney test showed that all isoforms could significantly distinguish (P<0.05) between cancer and non-cancer (see Table 9).

TABLE 9 GeLC-MRM comparison of non-cancer (normal and benign) versus cancer sera UniProt Name Descriptive Name P-value^(a) O00299 CLIC1 Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 0.004 Q9Y696 CLIC4 Chloride intracellular channel protein 4 0.0002 Q1ZYL5 TPM1, Tropomyosin 1 alpha variant 6 0.0052 var. 6 Q5VU59 TPM3 Tropomyosin 3 0.0337 P67936 TPM4 Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain 0.0021 NOTES ^(a)P-values are from the Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni adjustment

Based on the P-value, CLIC4 appeared to be the best biomarker in distinguishing cancer from non-cancer and TPM3 was the weakest biomarker.

For further evaluation, the normal and benign samples were compared separately to the cancer group (FIG. 5 ). All protein isoforms could distinguish between normal donors and ovarian cancer patients at a highly significant level (P<0.0015). However, CLIC4 was the only biomarker that showed a significant difference between benign disease and EOC.

The TPM isoforms did not show a statistically significant difference between benign disease and cancer primarily because a single benign sample (B80) had a much higher abundance level for all TPM isoforms than other samples in that group. Future analysis of larger cohorts will allow us to more definitively identify which proteins can reliably distinguish benign disease from ovarian cancer.

Although benign ovarian tumors and ovarian cancer appear to be very different diseases at a genetic level, a major challenge at the initial diagnosis stage in the clinic is to distinguish benign ovarian conditions from malignant ones.

To evaluate the potential diagnostic efficacy for each of these proteins, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed on the non-cancer and cancer groups (See FIG. 6 ). Consistent with the Mann-Whitney test, CLIC4 showed the largest area under the curve (AUC) and TPM3 showed the lowest area. It is anticipated that larger patient cohorts may support the use of CLIC4 and tropomyosin family proteins or isoforms, when used with other biomarkers simultaneously and in combination may outperform use of a single biomarker for detection and clinical monitoring of EOC.

To our knowledge, the plasma levels of CLIC4 and tropomyosin in ovarian cancer patients have not been reported previously.

It is anticipated that testing of the biomarkers and biomarkers sets described herein in larger cohorts of patients collected from different sites, longitudinal prediagnostic blood specimens, and specimens collected throughout therapeutic treatment will demonstrate results consistent with the above.

Each and every patent, patent application, and publication, including U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/709,695, the publications listed herein, and publically available peptide sequences, cited throughout the disclosure, is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. While this invention has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that other embodiments and variations of this invention are devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims include such embodiments and equivalent variations.

PUBLICATIONS

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1. A diagnostic reagent comprising one or more of: (a) a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof; (b) a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof; (c) a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker cancer antigen 125 (CA125) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof; and (d) a ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting or identifying the biomarker human epididymis protein-4 (HE4) or an isoform, pro-form, modified molecular form, posttranslational modification, or unique peptide fragment or unique nucleic acid fragment thereof, wherein at least one ligand is attached to a detectable label or immobilized on a solid substrate.
 2. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein the biomarker CLIC4 is Uniprot ID no. Z9Y696 or a peptide fragment thereof.
 3. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein the CLIC4 peptide fragment comprises: (a) GVVFSVTTVDLK, aa 49-60 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) LDEYLNSPLPDEIDENSMEDIK, aa151-172 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (c) NSRPEANEALER, aa 131-142 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (d) YLTNAYSR, aa 20-27 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (d) EVEIAYSDVAK, aa 139-249 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (e) LFMILWLK, aa 41-48 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (f) DEFTNTCPSDK, aa 228-238 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (g) IEEFLEEVLCPPK, aa 91-103 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (h) FLDGNEMTLADCNLLPK, aa 178-194 of SEQ ID NO: 1; (i) EEDKEPLIELFVK, aa 12-24 of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (j) HPESNTAGMDIFAK, aa 111-124 of SEQ ID NO: 1; wherein in each sequence where methionine occurs, it is in the oxidized or unoxidized form.
 4. A diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additional ligands, each additional ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting, or identifying an additional biomarker that indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in a human subject, wherein said additional biomarker is selected from: i. tropomyosin 1 (TPM1); ii. tropomyosin 2 (TPM2); iii. tropomyosin 3 (TPM3); iv. tropomyosin 4 (TPM4); v. cathepsin D-30 (CTSD-30); and vi. proteasome subunit alpha type-7 (PSMA7)
 5. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein the CLIC1 peptide fragment comprises: (a) GVTFNVTTVDTK, aa38-49 of SEQ ID NO: 3; (b) LAALNPESNTAGLDIFAK, aa96-113 of SEQ ID NO: 3; or (c) NSNPALNDNLEK, aa120-131 of SEQ ID NO:
 3. 6. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 4, wherein an isoform of TPM1 is TPM1, variant 6 (UniProt ID No. Q1ZYL5) or TPM1, variant 8 (UniProt ID No. B7Z596); wherein an isoform of TPM2 is TPM2 beta chain (UniProt ID No. UR1H_P07951, UR1H_Q5TCU3, or UR1H_Q5TCU8) or TPM2, isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P07951-2, A7XZE4), wherein an isoform of TPM3 is TPM3 alpha-3 chain (UniProt ID No. P06753, Q5VU59, Q5HYB6, B2RDE1, or E2RB38); or wherein an isoform of TPM4 is TPM4 alpha-4 chain (UniProt ID No. P6736), or TPM4, Isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P67936-2).
 7. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein any of said ligands comprises an antibody or fragment of an antibody, an antibody mimic, a synthetic antibody, a single chain antibody or an equivalent that binds to or complexes with a single biomarker.
 8. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein any of said ligands comprises a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a single biomarker.
 9. The diagnostic reagent according to claim 1, wherein said substrate is a microarray, a microfluidics card, a chip, a bead, or a chamber.
 10. A kit, panel, or microarray comprising one or more multiple diagnostic reagents according to claim 1, each reagent identifying a different biomarker.
 11. A method for diagnosing or detecting or monitoring the progress or treatment of ovarian cancer in a subject comprising: (i) contacting a sample obtained from a test subject with a diagnostic reagent of claim 1; (ii) detecting or measuring in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample, the protein levels of the selected biomarkers; and (iii) comparing the protein level of the selected biomarkers in the subject's sample with the level of the same biomarkers in a reference standard; wherein a significant change in the protein level of one or more of the selected biomarkers in the subject's sample from that in the reference standard indicates a diagnosis, risk, or the status of progression or remission of ovarian cancer in the subject.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the diagnostic reagent comprises one or more additional ligands, each additional ligand capable of specifically complexing with, binding to, or quantitatively detecting, or identifying an additional biomarker that indicates the presence of ovarian cancer in a human subject, wherein said additional biomarker is selected from: i. tropomyosin 1 (TPM1); ii. tropomyosin 2 (TPM2); iii. tropomyosin 3 (TPM3); iv. tropomyosin 4 (TPM4); v. cathepsin D-30 (CTSD-30); and vi. proteasome subunit alpha type-7 (PSMA7).
 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein an isoform of TPM1 is TPM1, variant 6 (UniProt ID No. Q1ZYL5) or TPM1, variant 8 (UniProt ID No. B7Z596); wherein an isoform of TPM2 is TPM2 beta chain (UniProt ID No. UR1H_P07951, UR1H_Q5TCU3, or UR1H_Q5TCU8) or TPM2, isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P07951-2, A7XZE4), wherein an isoform of TPM3 is TPM3 alpha-3 chain (UniProt ID No. P06753, Q5VU59, Q5HYB6, B2RDE1, or E2RB38); or wherein an isoform of TPM4 is TPM4 alpha-4 chain (UniProt ID No. P6736), or TPM4, Isoform 2 (UniProt ID No. P67936-2).
 14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising: detecting or measuring in the sample or from a protein level profile generated from the sample, the protein levels of one or more additional ovarian cancer biomarkers; and comparing the protein levels of the additional biomarkers in relation to the levels of the additional biomarkers in the subject's sample with the same biomarkers in a reference standard or profile.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the reference standard is a mean, an average, a numerical mean or range of numerical means, a numerical pattern, a ratio, a graphical pattern or a protein level profile derived from the same biomarker or biomarkers in a reference subject or reference population.
 16. The method according to claim 12, wherein said change in the protein level of each said biomarker comprises an increase in comparison to said reference or control or a decrease in comparison to said reference or control.
 17. The method according to claim 12, wherein said diagnosis comprises early diagnosis of disease, monitoring relapse after initial diagnosis and treatment, predicting clinical outcome, or determining the best clinical treatment.
 18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the biological sample is selected from group consisting of whole blood, plasma, serum, circulating tumor cells, ascites fluid, peritoneal fluid and tumor tissue or tissue or fluid from a biopsy sample, surgical sample, or tumor cell sample.
 19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the biomarker CLIC4 is Uniprot ID no. Z9Y696 or a peptide fragment thereof.
 20. The method according to claim 12, wherein any of said ligands comprises an antibody or fragment of an antibody, an antibody mimic, a synthetic antibody, a single chain antibody or an equivalent that binds to or complexes with a single biomarker. 